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470 Pages
26.5 x 18.6 x 3.3
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Preface | p. xiii |
Electronic Intelligence | p. 1 |
Electronic Intelligence Defined | p. 1 |
The Importance of Intercepting and Analyzing Radar Signals | p. 2 |
Limitations Due to Noise | p. 4 |
Probability of Intercept Problems | p. 4 |
Direction Finding (DF) and Emitter Location | p. 5 |
Inferring Radar Capabilities from Observed Signal Parameters | p. 5 |
Receivers for Radar Interception | p. 6 |
Major ELINT Signal Parameters | p. 6 |
The Impact of LPI Radar on ELINT | p. 7 |
References | p. 8 |
ELINT Implications of Range Equations and Radar Constraints | p. 9 |
Range Equations | p. 9 |
Radar Constraints | p. 12 |
Range Resolution Related to Bandwidth | p. 13 |
Spread Spectrum: Radar Versus Communications | p. 14 |
Moving Targets and Integration Time Constraints | p. 15 |
Constraints on Time-Bandwidth Product or Pulse Compression Ratio | p. 16 |
Constraints on Doppler Resolution | p. 16 |
Frequency Agility | p. 19 |
PRI Agility | p. 19 |
Power Constraints | p. 23 |
Pulse Compression Modulation Constraints | p. 23 |
Some ELINT Implications of Future Radar Designs | p. 23 |
Bistatic and Multistatic Radars | p. 24 |
Radar Trends | p. 24 |
Wideband Active Adaptive Array Radars | p. 26 |
Summary of Radar Design Constraints and Trends | p. 26 |
High-Power Microwave Weapons | p. 27 |
References | p. 28 |
Characteristics of ELINT Interception Systems | p. 29 |
Intercept System Characteristics and Functions | p. 29 |
Frequency Coverage | p. 30 |
Analysis Bandwidth | p. 31 |
Wideband Radar Signal Trends | p. 33 |
Dynamic Range | p. 35 |
Dynamic Range Requirements | p. 37 |
Sensitivity | p. 39 |
Noise Figure Measurement | p. 40 |
Y-Factor Measurement | p. 41 |
Some Sensitivity Measures | p. 43 |
Output SNR and Receiver Applications | p. 44 |
Threshold Detection | p. 45 |
Sensitivity and the Received Pulse Density | p. 51 |
The Ultimate Limits to ELINT Parameter Measurements | p. 52 |
ECM and ELINT Receivers | p. 56 |
Crystal Video Receivers | p. 56 |
Crystal Video Applications | p. 59 |
Postdetection Signal Recording and Sorting | p. 60 |
CV System Design Considerations | p. 60 |
Superheterodyne Receivers | p. 63 |
Superhet Performance | p. 65 |
Sweeping Superhet Receivers | p. 67 |
Tuning Considerations | p. 70 |
Other Heterodyne Receivers | p. 72 |
Instantaneous Frequency Measurement Receivers | p. 74 |
Limiters Applied to IFMs | p. 74 |
The Simultaneous Signal Problem | p. 75 |
CW Signals and IFMs | p. 81 |
Digitizing the IFM Output | p. 82 |
Other Receivers | p. 85 |
Channelized Receivers | p. 85 |
Acousto-Optic (Bragg Cell) Receivers | p. 89 |
Microscan Receivers | p. 90 |
System Considerations | p. 93 |
References | p. 94 |
Probability of Intercept | p. 97 |
Background | p. 97 |
Developments in the Theory Behind POI | p. 98 |
Intercept Description | p. 98 |
Implications of Today's Environments/Operations on Intercept Time | p. 98 |
Mathematical Models | p. 100 |
Recent Developments on POI | p. 108 |
Summary | p. 114 |
References | p. 114 |
Antennas and Direction Finders | p. 117 |
Omni-Directional Antennas | p. 117 |
Omni-Directional Antenna Applications | p. 117 |
Parameters for Omni-Directional Antennas | p. 118 |
Directional Intercept Antennas | p. 121 |
Direction Finding | p. 124 |
Instantaneous Direction Finding | p. 126 |
Amplitude Comparison AOA Measurement | p. 127 |
Phase Interferometers | p. 131 |
Bearing Discriminators | p. 139 |
Arrays, Lenses, and Subspace DF Methods | p. 144 |
Short Baseline TDOA for AOA | p. 145 |
References | p. 147 |
Emitter Location | p. 149 |
Introduction | p. 149 |
Emitter Location Estimation | p. 150 |
Deriving the Location Covariance Matrix | p. 152 |
Angle of Arrival Location Analysis | p. 153 |
Time Difference of Arrival Location Analysis | p. 155 |
Time/Frequency Difference of Arrival Location Analysis | p. 159 |
Geometric Dilution of Precision | p. 163 |
Incorporation of Measurement Error | p. 164 |
Summary | p. 167 |
References | p. 168 |
Estimating Power at the Transmitter | p. 169 |
Power Estimation Through ELINT | p. 169 |
Distance to the Horizon | p. 170 |
ERP Errors Due to Antenna Pointing Errors | p. 171 |
Estimating the Distance to the Radar | p. 174 |
Multiple Signal and Multipath Problems | p. 176 |
Summary of Power Measurement Requirements | p. 178 |
Sample ERP Calculations | p. 179 |
References | p. 181 |
Antenna Parameters | p. 183 |
Polarization Defined | p. 183 |
Elliptical Polarization | p. 183 |
Stokes' Parameters | p. 185 |
Measuring Polarization | p. 187 |
Polarization Pattern Method | p. 188 |
Phase-Amplitude Method | p. 189 |
Multiple Antenna Method | p. 190 |
Cross-Polarization | p. 191 |
Propagation Effects | p. 194 |
System Aspects of Polarization | p. 195 |
Antenna Beam Shape | p. 196 |
Basic Antenna Pattern Relationships | p. 197 |
Beam Patterns from ELINT | p. 199 |
Beam Patterns of Array Antennas | p. 205 |
Antenna Beam Summary | p. 208 |
References | p. 209 |
LPI Radar and the Future of ELINT | p. 211 |
What Is LPI Radar? | p. 211 |
Radar and ELINT Detection of Signals | p. 212 |
Matched Filter Theory | p. 213 |
One Interception Strategy: Noncoherent Integration | p. 213 |
ESM and Radar Range Compared | p. 214 |
Some Pulse Compression Modulation Constraints | p. 217 |
Interception Techniques Using the Envelope of the Received Signal | p. 218 |
Narrowband Channels and Frequency Modulated Signals | p. 222 |
Predetection Processing Methods to Detect Linear FM and Other LPI Signals | p. 226 |
ELINT Receiver Requirements for Interception of Low Peak Power Signals | p. 232 |
References | p. 233 |
Antenna Scan Analysis | p. 235 |
Introduction | p. 235 |
Some Principles of Searching | p. 236 |
Relationships Among Scan Rate, Maximum Unambiguous Range, and Energy on Target | p. 237 |
Fan Beam Scanning: Circular and Sector | p. 239 |
Pencil Beam Scanning: Raster, Helical, and Spiral | p. 245 |
Tracking Scans and Monopulse | p. 246 |
Electronic Scanning | p. 251 |
Scan Measurement and Analysis Techniques | p. 252 |
A Three-Dimensional Search Example | p. 253 |
References | p. 254 |
Intrapulse Analysis | p. 255 |
Introduction | p. 255 |
Pulse Envelope Parameters | p. 257 |
Envelope Parameter Measurements | p. 258 |
Rise and Fall Times | p. 260 |
Some Radar Performance Limits Related to Pulse Envelope | p. 264 |
Multipath Effects | p. 266 |
Intrapulse Frequency and Phase Modulation | p. 268 |
Choosing the Receiver Bandwidth | p. 271 |
Intentionally Modulated Pulses | p. 272 |
Incidental Intrapulse Shape-Uses and Causes | p. 275 |
Comparing Wave Shapes | p. 278 |
References | p. 280 |
Pulse Repetition Interval Analysis | p. 281 |
Introduction | p. 281 |
Common PRI Categories | p. 282 |
Constant PRI | p. 282 |
Jittered PRIs | p. 284 |
Dwell and Switch PRI | p. 285 |
PRI Stagger | p. 285 |
Sliding PRIs | p. 286 |
Scheduled PRIs | p. 286 |
Periodic PRI Variations | p. 287 |
Pulse Groups | p. 287 |
Time Interval Measurements | p. 287 |
SNR Limitations | p. 288 |
Limitations Due to Pulse Amplitude Changes | p. 289 |
Improving Interval Measurements | p. 292 |
Digital Thresholding | p. 294 |
PRI Analysis Techniques | p. 295 |
Raster Displays | p. 296 |
PRI Sounds | p. 297 |
PRI Analysis Theory and Practice | p. 298 |
Statistical Techniques | p. 300 |
Delta-T Histogram | p. 303 |
Interpreting the Results | p. 307 |
Delay Line PRI Generators | p. 308 |
Crystal Oscillators and Countdown Circuits | p. 308 |
PRI and Range Velocity Ambiguities | p. 313 |
MTI Radar Blind Speeds | p. 313 |
Moving Target Detection | p. 314 |
References | p. 315 |
Deinterleaving Pulse Trains | p. 317 |
Pulse Sorting | p. 317 |
PRI-Based Gating | p. 319 |
Deinterleaving Algorithms | p. 320 |
Delta-T Histogram Applied to Deinterleaving | p. 322 |
The Pulse Train Spectrum | p. 331 |
Combining Pulse Bursts | p. 332 |
Raster Displays and Deinterleaving | p. 333 |
Measuring Deinterleaver Performance | p. 333 |
References | p. 334 |
Measurement and Analysis of Carrier Frequency | p. 335 |
Pulsed Signal Carrier Frequency | p. 335 |
Frequency Measurement Accuracies | p. 335 |
Doppler Shifts | p. 337 |
Drift Measurement | p. 337 |
FM Ranging in Radar | p. 338 |
Intrapulse Frequency or Phase Modulation | p. 338 |
Analysis of Predetection Data | p. 342 |
Coherence (Short-Term RF Stability) | p. 342 |
RMS Phase Fluctuation | p. 346 |
RMS Frequency Fluctuations | p. 347 |
Signal Repeatability | p. 350 |
Effects of Variations in [tau subscript 0] | p. 352 |
Frequency-Domain Stability Measures | p. 353 |
Bandwidth Limitations on Allan Variance Measurements | p. 354 |
Noise Limitations on Allan Variance Measurements | p. 356 |
Frequency Stability Measures for Power Law Spectra | p. 357 |
Sinusoidal FM and Linear Frequency Drift | p. 359 |
Short-Look Problem | p. 359 |
Frequency Character of CW Signals | p. 361 |
Pulsed Signal Example | p. 361 |
Measuring Coherence | p. 364 |
Effects of Drift | p. 365 |
References | p. 365 |
Determining ELINT Parameter Limits | p. 367 |
Introduction | p. 367 |
Histograms Used to Determine Parameter Limits | p. 367 |
Types of Histograms | p. 370 |
Two-Sigma Parameter Limits | p. 373 |
Histogram Analysis Techniques | p. 375 |
Parameter Limits Example | p. 375 |
Intercepts Separated into Accuracy Classes | p. 377 |
Most Probable Values | p. 378 |
Analysis Problems | p. 379 |
Signal Identification Errors | p. 379 |
Transforming Parameters and Their Accuracies | p. 379 |
Histogram Analysis Summary | p. 381 |
References | p. 382 |
ELINT Data Files | p. 383 |
Introduction | p. 383 |
Signal Identification | p. 385 |
ELINT Data for Radar Warning Receiver Design | p. 386 |
ELINT Data for Simulation and Training | p. 388 |
Adding Non-ELINT Data | p. 388 |
Summary | p. 389 |
Reference | p. 389 |
Spectrum Widths: 3-dB and First Nulls for Trapezoidal Pulses | p. 391 |
Introduction | p. 391 |
Rectangular Pulses | p. 391 |
Trapezoidal Pulses: Equal Rise and Fall Times | p. 391 |
Trapezoidal Pulses: Unequal Rise and Fall Times | p. 393 |
Some ELINT Considerations of FM Signals | p. 395 |
Introduction | p. 395 |
Effects of Sinusoidal Interference on Phase- and Frequency-Demodulated Signals | p. 395 |
Signals with Sinusoidal Frequency Modulation | p. 398 |
Carson's Rule | p. 400 |
Modification of Carson's Rule for ELINT Applications | p. 401 |
FM Demodulation Degradation by RF Band Limiting | p. 403 |
Effects of Noise on FM Demodulated Signals | p. 408 |
References | p. 412 |
A Frequency Hop Radar Example | p. 413 |
Probability That One or More Pulses Occur at the Desired Frequency | p. 413 |
Probability That Exactly One Pulse Occurs at the Desired Frequency | p. 414 |
Probability That Exactly k Pulses Occur at the Desired Frequency | p. 415 |
Probability That Several Pulses Occur at the Desired Frequency Less Than G Pulses Apart | p. 415 |
Probability Distribution of the Interval Between Two Pulses | p. 418 |
Determining an Optimum Receiver Sweep Rate | p. 427 |
History and Fundamentals of the IFM | p. 429 |
The Broadband Microwave Frequency Discriminator | p. 433 |
References | p. 439 |
Emitter Location Partial Derivatives | p. 441 |
About the Author | p. 445 |
Index | p. 447 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9781580539258
ISBN-10: 1580539254
Series: Artech House Radar Library (Hardcover)
Published: 31st May 2006
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 470
Audience: Professional and Scholarly
Publisher: ARTECH HOUSE INC
Country of Publication: GB
Dimensions (cm): 26.5 x 18.6 x 3.3
Weight (kg): 1.0
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