Preface to the Second Edition | p. xi |
Preface to the First Edition | p. xiii |
Theory and History | p. 1 |
The Scope of Geoarchaeology | p. 1 |
Archaeology and the Earth Sciences | p. 4 |
Foundational Phase: Before 1900 | p. 5 |
Collaborative Phase: 1900-1950 | p. 10 |
Integrative Phase: After 1950 | p. 16 |
Changing the Guard | p. 20 |
Sediments, Soils, and Environmental Interpretations | p. 25 |
Sediments | p. 25 |
Weathering | p. 26 |
Transportation | p. 27 |
Postdepositional Changes | p. 28 |
Archaeological Implications | p. 28 |
Classification of Sedimentation Products | p. 29 |
Clastic Deposits | p. 29 |
Gravel | p. 32 |
Sand | p. 33 |
Mud | p. 34 |
Chemical Deposition | p. 35 |
Calcareous Precipitates | p. 36 |
Noncalcareous Precipitates | p. 36 |
Organic Matter | p. 37 |
Soils and Buried Soils | p. 38 |
The Soil Profile | p. 39 |
Soil Types | p. 41 |
Entisols | p. 41 |
Vertisols | p. 41 |
Inceptisols | p. 41 |
Mollisols | p. 41 |
Alfisols | p. 42 |
Ultisols | p. 42 |
Spodosols | p. 42 |
Aridosols | p. 42 |
Histosols | p. 42 |
Paleosols and Buried Soils | p. 43 |
Inferring Environments from Physical and Chemical Parameters | p. 45 |
Color | p. 45 |
Cementation and Induration | p. 47 |
Texture | p. 47 |
Structure | p. 53 |
Composition | p. 54 |
Boundaries | p. 58 |
Micromorphology | p. 59 |
Initial Context and Site Formation | p. 60 |
The Creation of the Archaeological Record | p. 60 |
Stages of Site Formation | p. 62 |
Initial Landscapes and Original Occupation | p. 62 |
Sedimentary Contexts | p. 63 |
Desert Depositional Systems | p. 64 |
The Effects of Wind | p. 64 |
The Effects of Moisture | p. 65 |
Desert System Site Formation | p. 66 |
Alluvial Depositional Systems: Flowing Water | p. 67 |
Depositional Contexts | p. 68 |
Site Formation in Alluvial Settings | p. 75 |
Lakes and Associated Basin Settings | p. 78 |
Basin Deposits | p. 78 |
Site Formation in Basin Settings | p. 80 |
Cave and Rock Shelter Depositional Systems | p. 81 |
Limestone Caves | p. 81 |
Sandstone Caves and Rock Shelters | p. 85 |
Igneous Rock Caves | p. 85 |
Site Formation in Caves | p. 85 |
The Glacial System | p. 86 |
Coastal and Marine Depositional Settings | p. 90 |
Coastal Processes and Site Formation | p. 91 |
Coastal Landscape Context | p. 95 |
Postdepositional Processes | p. 98 |
Mass Wasting | p. 99 |
Cryoturbation | p. 99 |
Bioturbation | p. 100 |
Methods of Discovery and Spatial Analyses | p. 103 |
Maps | p. 103 |
Landform Sediment Assemblages | p. 109 |
Settlement Patterns | p. 109 |
Remote Sensing | p. 110 |
Geophysical Prospecting | p. 111 |
Magnetometry and Magnetic Properties of Soils and Sediments | p. 113 |
Electrical Resistivity | p. 115 |
Electromagnetic Conductivity | p. 116 |
Ground Penetrating Radar | p. 116 |
Seismic Profiling | p. 117 |
Magnetic Analysis | p. 118 |
Aerial Photography | p. 118 |
Satellite and Airborne Remote Sensing | p. 120 |
Dowsing | p. 121 |
Geochemical Prospecting and Analysis | p. 122 |
Core Drilling | p. 125 |
Locating Water Resources | p. 129 |
Geographic Information Systems | p. 129 |
The Complexities of Scale | p. 130 |
Estimating Time | p. 132 |
Climate Change and Time | p. 133 |
Artifacts and Dating | p. 134 |
Stratigraphy | p. 135 |
Rhythmites (Varves) | p. 136 |
Paleosols in Loess and Alluvium | p. 139 |
Tephrochronology | p. 142 |
Dating Using Animal and Plant Fossils | p. 143 |
Paleontology | p. 143 |
Dendrochronology | p. 144 |
Radiometric Dating Methods | p. 144 |
Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating | p. 144 |
Uranium-Series Dating | p. 146 |
Radiocarbon Dating | p. 147 |
Other Dating Methods | p. 153 |
Fission-Track Dating | p. 153 |
Paleomagnetic and Archaeomagnetic Dating | p. 153 |
Electron Spin Resonance and Luminescence Dating | p. 156 |
Temperature-Affected Dating | p. 160 |
Amino Acid Racemization and Epimerization | p. 160 |
Hydration (Obsidian) | p. 160 |
Dating Techniques Based on Chemical Accumulation | p. 162 |
Chemical Analysis | p. 162 |
Dating Exposed Surfaces | p. 163 |
Patination and Desert Varnish | p. 163 |
Cosmogenic Nuclides | p. 163 |
Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions: Landscapes and the Human Past | p. 165 |
Environmental and Landscape Change | p. 165 |
Inferring Environmental Change | p. 166 |
Ecology and Landscape Change | p. 167 |
Terrestrial (Non-marine) Geoecologic Data from Lake Records | p. 168 |
Plant (Botanical) Indicators | p. 169 |
Microfossils | p. 169 |
Pollen | p. 169 |
Phytoliths | p. 172 |
Diatoms | p. 174 |
Macrofossils | p. 175 |
Animal Indicators | p. 176 |
Invertebrates | p. 176 |
Ostracods | p. 176 |
Mollusks | p. 178 |
Insects | p. 179 |
Vertebrates | p. 180 |
Mammal Fossil Remains | p. 180 |
Bird Fossil Remains | p. 181 |
Reptile and Amphibian Fossil Remains | p. 182 |
Fish Fossil Remains | p. 182 |
Other Ecologic Accumulations | p. 183 |
Pack-Rat Middens | p. 183 |
Peat | p. 183 |
Geochemical Indicators | p. 183 |
Environmental Change and Archaeological Explanations | p. 186 |
Human Habitats and Geoecology | p. 186 |
Tectonics, Climates, Landscapes, and the Human Past | p. 188 |
Microclimates | p. 191 |
Human Interaction with Environment and Its Effects on Climate | p. 192 |
Raw Materials and Resources | p. 195 |
Definitions | p. 195 |
Minerals | p. 196 |
Chert and Chalcedony | p. 196 |
Semiprecious Stones | p. 197 |
Other Archaeologically Important Minerals | p. 199 |
Metals and Ores | p. 202 |
Rocks | p. 207 |
Shells | p. 210 |
Clays | p. 211 |
Building Materials | p. 213 |
Building Stone | p. 214 |
Burnt Brick | p. 215 |
Mortar | p. 215 |
Other Materials | p. 216 |
Pigments | p. 217 |
Abrasives | p. 218 |
Rock and Mineral Recovery | p. 218 |
Water | p. 219 |
Sourcing (Provenance) | p. 222 |
Geologic Deposits | p. 224 |
Materials Used in Sourcing | p. 225 |
Obsidian | p. 225 |
Sourcing Other Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks | p. 226 |
Chert | p. 227 |
Marble | p. 228 |
Clay | p. 229 |
Temper | p. 229 |
Amber | p. 230 |
Bitumen | p. 230 |
Soft Stone, Other Rocks, and Semiprecious Minerals | p. 230 |
Native Copper | p. 231 |
Complex Copper Minerals | p. 232 |
Tin | p. 232 |
Lead, Silver, and Gold | p. 234 |
Sourcing Methods | p. 235 |
Trace-Element Analyses | p. 235 |
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis | p. 236 |
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry | p. 237 |
Isotope Analysis/Mass Spectrometry | p. 237 |
DNA | p. 238 |
Mineral Magnetism | p. 238 |
Other Analytical Methods | p. 238 |
Petrographic Analysis | p. 238 |
Statistics and Data Analysis | p. 242 |
Construction, Destruction, Archaeological Resource Preservation, and Conservation | p. 244 |
Geotechnology | p. 244 |
Construction | p. 245 |
Dams | p. 245 |
Canals | p. 246 |
Fields and Raised Fields | p. 247 |
Roads | p. 248 |
Excavation (Mines and Quarries) | p. 248 |
Natural Burial and Site Formation | p. 249 |
Rock Properties and Weathering | p. 250 |
Destruction | p. 250 |
Weathering | p. 251 |
Pollution | p. 252 |
Water | p. 254 |
Erosion and Subsidence in Archaeology | p. 256 |
Erosion | p. 256 |
Land Subsidence | p. 256 |
Geologic "Catastrophes" and the Human Past | p. 257 |
Earthquakes and Seismic Disturbance | p. 257 |
Floods and Flood Legends | p. 262 |
Volcanoes | p. 263 |
Site Preservation | p. 265 |
Site Preservation Problems | p. 265 |
Reservoirs | p. 267 |
Hilltops or Slopes | p. 268 |
Seismicity | p. 268 |
Site Stabilization | p. 268 |
Earth Burial | p. 269 |
Archaeological/Cultural Resource Management | p. 270 |
Resource Management | p. 270 |
Conservation | p. 271 |
Materials Preservation | p. 271 |
Corrosion | p. 271 |
Epilogue | p. 273 |
The Future | p. 273 |
The Future of Geoarchaeology within Archaeology | p. 273 |
Notes | p. 277 |
Glossary | p. 287 |
Bibliography | p. 291 |
Index | p. 319 |
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