The Ocular Fundus
From Findings to Diagnosis
By: Sebastian Wolf, Bernd Kirchhof, Martin Reim
Hardcover | 5 October 2005
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Learn how to read the optic fundus:
- What tests are indicated?
- How do I interpret the findings?
- What is the next step?
This book guides you quickly and confidently from finding to diagnosis.
Practice-oriented
- Organized by presentation
- Systematic listing of diagnoses for each presentation
- Sidebars with a brief summary of the signs and symptoms for each diagnosis
- Quick reference and study guide in one
Comprehensive
- Describes various examination method
- Covers even rare findings
- Differential diagnosis
- Figures to illustrate each diagnosis
- Notes on appropriate treatment
Confidence
- Learn to take prompt, goal-directed action.
- Apply various diagnostic options appropriately and economically.
- Gain confidence in dealing with equivocal findings.
Industry Reviews
Introduction | p. 1 |
Examination Methods | p. 4 |
History | p. 4 |
Functional Tests | p. 4 |
Visual Acuity | p. 5 |
Visual Field | p. 5 |
Color Vision | p. 6 |
Contrast Sensitivity | p. 6 |
Ophthalmoscopy | p. 7 |
Direct Ophthalmoscopy | p. 7 |
Indirect Ophthalmoscopy | p. 7 |
High Refractive Power Lenses in Conjunction with the Slit Lamp | p. 7 |
Contact Optics with Deflecting Mirrors | p. 7 |
Special Considerations when Examining Infants and Newborns | p. 7 |
Objective Imaging Studies and Their Evaluation | p. 8 |
Fundus Photography | p. 8 |
Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope | p. 8 |
Fluorescence Angiography | p. 11 |
Electrophysiological Studies | p. 14 |
Electro-oculography (EOG) | p. 14 |
Electroretinography (ERG) | p. 14 |
Visual Evoked Cortical Potentials (VECP) | p. 15 |
Ultrasound Studies | p. 18 |
A-Mode Ultrasonography | p. 18 |
B-Mode Ultrasonography | p. 18 |
Doppler Ultrasonography | p. 18 |
Color Doppler Imaging | p. 19 |
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy | p. 19 |
Biopsy | p. 19 |
Anterior Chamber | p. 19 |
Vitreous Body | p. 19 |
Tumors | p. 20 |
Appearance of Retinal and Choroidal Disorders | p. 21 |
Retinopathy with Focal or Mottled Lesions | p. 21 |
White Mottled Deposits | p. 21 |
Sharply Demarcated, Bright, and Pigmented Areas | p. 23 |
Blurred, Fluffy, White Focal Lesions | p. 26 |
Prominence of the Macula | p. 42 |
Secondary Macular Edema | p. 42 |
Macular Edema with Retinal Vascular Disease | p. 45 |
Macular Edema from Choroidal Neovascularization | p. 47 |
Choroidal Neovascularization of Other Causes | p. 54 |
Proliferation, Scarring, and Holes in the Macula | p. 55 |
Epiretinal Membranes (Macular Pucker) | p. 55 |
Idiopathic Macular Hole | p. 55 |
Choroidal Folds | p. 58 |
Depigmented and Pigmented Focal Lesions in the Macula | p. 59 |
Solar Retinopathy | p. 59 |
Injuries from Laser Beams and Autogenous Welding | p. 59 |
Pigmented Macular Scars Secondary to Contusion | p. 60 |
Maculopathy in Myopia | p. 61 |
Pattern Dystrophies | p. 61 |
Central Areolar Macular Atrophy | p. 62 |
Bull's Eye Dystrophy | p. 63 |
Macular Dystrophies with Mottled Lesions | p. 65 |
Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy (Best Disease) | p. 66 |
Sorsby Macular Dystrophy | p. 68 |
Stargardt Disease | p. 68 |
Large Areas of Yellowish-White Exudative Retinopathy | p. 71 |
Necrotizing Retinitis | p. 71 |
Serpiginous Choroiditis | p. 74 |
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada. Syndrome | p. 75 |
Berlin Edema in the Fundus | p. 76 |
Ischemic Edema in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion | p. 76 |
Scattered Pigment Changes with Large Areas of Retinal and Choroidal Dystrophy | p. 79 |
Atrophic and Pigmented Areas | p. 80 |
Fields with Coarse Pigmentation and Depigmentation | p. 82 |
Large Areas of Progressive Retinal Degeneration in Both Eyes-Cancer-Associated Retinopathy (CAR) | p. 83 |
Significance of Rare Types of Retinal Degeneration and Dystrophy | p. 86 |
Fundi with Typical Pigmentations and Chorioretinal Atrophy-Tapetoretinal Degenerations | p. 86 |
Albinism | p. 96 |
Pediatric Retinal Dystrophies with Maculopathies | p. 98 |
Peripheral Retinal and Choroidal Lesions | p. 104 |
Pigmentation, Bright White-Yellow Spots and Cobblestone Degeneration | p. 104 |
Lattice Degeneration and Vitreous Adhesion | p. 105 |
Retinal Holes and Tears | p. 105 |
Pigmented Flecks and Fields at the Level of the Fundus | p. 106 |
Vitreoretinal Degeneration | p. 107 |
Retinal Detachments | p. 110 |
Broad Gray Bubblelike Bulging of the Retina | p. 110 |
Glassy, Transparent Retinal Detachments | p. 116 |
Choroidal Detachment | p. 117 |
Retinal Detachment due to Solid Protrusions | p. 118 |
Retinal Tumors | p. 123 |
White Tumors-Retinoblastoma | p. 123 |
"Mulberry" Tumors: Tuberous Sclerosis | p. 124 |
Vascular Tumors: Hemangiomas | p. 125 |
Brown Tumor in Coats Disease | p. 125 |
Appearance of Vascular Disorders | p. 127 |
Ophthalmoscopic Structure of Fundus Vessels | p. 127 |
Variants in the Course of the Retinal Vessels | p. 128 |
Cilioretinal Artery | p. 128 |
Atypical Branching of the Retinal Arterioles | p. 128 |
Retinal Vessels in Macular Aplasia | p. 128 |
Abnormal Vessels in the Retina | p. 128 |
Telangiectasia | p. 128 |
Multiple Leber Miliary Aneurysms | p. 129 |
Solitary Retinal Macroaneurysms | p. 129 |
Angiomatosis Retinae (Von Hippel-Lindau Disease) | p. 130 |
Rarefied and Elongated Vessels | p. 131 |
Wide and Irregular Reflexes on Retinal Arterioles in Arteriosclerosis | p. 131 |
Choroidal Sclerosis with Bright Vascular Bands and Thin Columns of Blood | p. 132 |
Thin Vessels, Minimal Microvasculature, and Pale Fundus in Ischemic Ophthalmopathy | p. 132 |
Thin Vessels, Pale Fundus, and Occasional Retinal Bleeding in Anemia | p. 132 |
Narrowed Arterioles and Congested-Veins | p. 133 |
Pathophysiology of the Retinal Vessels in Arterial Hypertension | p. 133 |
Changes in the Retinal Vessels in Arterial Hypertension | p. 133 |
Distinguishing Arteriosclerosis from Hypertension | p. 133 |
Hypertensive Fundus | p. 134 |
Bleeding, Cotton-Wool Spots, Hard Exudates, and Retinal Edema | p. 135 |
Hypertensive Retinopathy | p. 135 |
Classification of Fundus Changes in Arterial Hypertension | p. 136 |
Stenoses of the Arterioles, Cotton-Wool Spots, and Retinal Edema in Retinopathy in Pregnancy | p. 137 |
Purtscher Retinopathy (Traumatic Retinal Angiopathy) | p. 138 |
Capillary Aneurysms, Hard Exudates, Bleeding, and Neovascularization | p. 138 |
Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) | p. 139 |
Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) | p. 141 |
Macular Edema in Diabetic Maculopathy | p. 143 |
Disorders Involving Primarily Retinal Bleeding | p. 145 |
Bleeding in the Region Drained by the Retinal Veins | p. 145 |
Cockade Hemorrhagic Lesions in Chronic Myelosis | p. 151 |
Bleeding between the Venules and Arterioles in Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia | p. 152 |
Large Areas of Bleeding in Multiple Myelomas (Plasmacytoma) | p. 152 |
Engorged Blood Vessels in Polycythemia Vera | p. 152 |
Idiopathic Macular Bleeding-Macular Bleeding Following the Valsalva Maneuver | p. 152 |
Characteristic Fundus Findings in Hemoglobin Disorders | p. 153 |
Peripheral Neovascularization in the Retina | p. 155 |
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) | p. 155 |
Peripheral Vascular Proliferation in Eales Disease | p. 160 |
Perivascular Infiltrates, Vascular Obliteration, and Retinal Bleeding in Inflammatory Vascular Disorders | p. 161 |
Peripheral Vascular Obliteration in Eales Disease | p. 161 |
Perivascular Infiltrates in Retinal Periphlebitis | p. 162 |
Inflammatory Infiltration in Specific Types of Retinal Vasculitis | p. 163 |
Phenomenology of Disease of Vitreous Body | p. 167 |
Symptoms with Vitreous Opacities and Specific Examinations | p. 167 |
Leukocoria | p. 167 |
Blood Vessels in the Vitreous Body | p. 168 |
Persistent Hyaloid Artery arising from the Optic Disc | p. 168 |
Active Neovascularization in the Vitreous Body in Proliferative Retinopathy | p. 169 |
Small Opacities in the Vitreous Body | p. 171 |
Floaters-Moving Spots against a Bright Background | p. 171 |
Distressing Subjective Perceptions in Posterior Vitreous Detachment | p. 171 |
Multiple White Dots like Snow Flakes Synchysis Scintillans-Cholesterol Hyalosis | p. 172 |
Multiple White Globules-Asteroid Hyalosis-Scintillatio Nivea | p. 172 |
Diffuse Opacities in the Vitreous Body | p. 172 |
Opacities from Chronic Cellular and Fibrinous Infiltration of the Vitreous Body | p. 172 |
Opacities from Acute Cellular and Fibrinous Infiltration of the Vitreous Body | p. 174 |
Large Opacities in the Vitreous Body | p. 178 |
Vitreous Hemorrhage | p. 178 |
Appearance of Optic Nerve Disorders | p. 181 |
Blurred Appearance, Hyperemia, and Protrusion-Optic Disc Edema | p. 181 |
Bilateral Blurring of the Optic Disc with Hyperemia and Prominence | p. 181 |
Unilateral Blurring of the Optic Disc with Hyperemia, Prominence, and Impaired Vision | p. 189 |
Pale, Often White, Sharply Demarcated Optic Disc-Optic Nerve Atrophy | p. 196 |
Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Optic Nerve Atrophy | p. 196 |
Partial or Localized Pallor of the Optic Disc | p. 199 |
Completely White Optic Disc-Optic Nerve Atrophy | p. 202 |
Hereditary Optic Nerve Atrophy | p. 203 |
Excavations of the Optic Nerve | p. 206 |
Physiologic Cupping of the Optic Disc | p. 206 |
Cupping of the Optic Disc in Myopia | p. 207 |
Cupping and Atrophy of the Optic Nerve in Glaucoma | p. 207 |
Excavation Filled with Grayish-White Tissue-Optic Pit | p. 209 |
Anomalous Tissue on and adjacent to the Optic Disc | p. 209 |
Scleral Crescent-Pigment Crescent-Myopic Crescent | p. 209 |
Persistent Embryonic Tissue on the Optic Disc | p. 210 |
Optic Disc Coloboma-Morning Glory Disc | p. 211 |
Optic Disc Melanocytoma | p. 211 |
Optic Disc Hemangioma | p. 211 |
Optic Disc Osteoma | p. 211 |
Disorders without Conspicuous Changes of the Fundus | p. 213 |
Floaters | p. 213 |
Unilateral Visual Impairment in Children-Amblyopia | p. 213 |
Acute Visual Impairment with Normal Optic Disc | p. 214 |
Retrobulbar Optic Neuritis | p. 214 |
Visual Impairment with Normal Optic Disc | p. 215 |
Example of Compression Neuropathy of the Optic Nerve-Severe Endocrine Orbitopathy (Graves Disease) | p. 215 |
Color Vision Defects | p. 217 |
Congenital Hereditary Color Vision Defects | p. 217 |
Achromatopsia-Stationary Cone Dysfunction | p. 218 |
Incipient Tapetoretinal Degeneration | p. 218 |
Incipient Stargardt Disease | p. 218 |
Incipient Retinitis Pigmentosa | p. 219 |
Congenital Stationary Night Blindness (CSNB) | p. 219 |
Night Blindness with Hereditary Deficiency of the Retinol-Binding Protein | p. 219 |
Simulation | p. 220 |
Visual Agnosia | p. 220 |
List of Abbreviations | p. 222 |
Literature | p. 223 |
Systematic Outline of Fundus Diseases | p. 224 |
Index | p. 229 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9781588903389
ISBN-10: 1588903389
Series: THIEME PUBLISHERS
Published: 5th October 2005
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 234
Audience: General Adult
Publisher: Thieme Medical Publishers Inc
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 27.94 x 20.32 x 1.91
Weight (kg): 0.93
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