About the Book xvii
About the Editors xix
Preface xxi
1 Emerging Techniques for Treatment of Wastewater 1
Naseema A. Wani, Nazir A. Malik, Younas R. Tantary, Ishrat Jan, Tawseef Ahmad, and Mohammad S. Wani
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Composition of Untreated Wastewater and Its Effect on Water Bodies 2
1.3 Strategies to Treat Wastewater 4
1.4 Tertiary Treatment 8
1.5 Natural Processes for Wastewater Management 9
1.6 Emerging or Advanced Techniques for the Treatment of Wastewater 11
1.7 Conclusion 17
2 Aquatic Ecosystems and Health Threats: Case Study on the Nickel Pollution in Golbasi Lake in Hatay -- Turkiye 25
Volkan Altay, Busra Kara, Ibrahim E. Yalcin, and Munir Ozturk
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Threats to the Health of Aquatic Ecosystems 25
2.3 Data Analysis 29
2.4 Results from the Study 31
2.5 Conclusions 38
3 Endophytic Fungi and Bacteria: Enhancement of Heavy Metal Phytoextraction 43
Amauri Ponce-Hernandez, Javier A. Gomez-Rubio, Juan G. Ceballos-Maldonado, Domingo Martinez-Soto, Margarita Marquez-Vega, Alejandro Hernandez-Morales, and Candy Carranza-Alvarez
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Main Anthropogenic Sources Releasing HMs into the Environment 43
3.3 Phytoremediation of HMs 44
3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 47
3.5 Factors that Increase HMs Phytoremediation 47
3.6 Phytoremediation Mechanisms 48
3.7 Microbiota in Plants Used in Phytoremediation 50
3.8 Bacteria that Enhance Phytoremediation 53
3.9 Conclusion 53
4 Mechanism of Heavy Metal-Induced Stress and Tolerance 61
Jose A. Montes-Rocha, Angel J. Alonso-Castro, and Candy Carranza-Alvarez
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Heavy Metal-Induced Stress 61
4.3 Metal Tolerance Mechanisms 62
4.4 Root Exudates 62
4.5 Cellular Wall 63
4.6 Plasma Membrane 65
4.7 Vacuole 67
4.8 Xylem 67
4.9 Phloem 68
4.10 Sequestering of Metals in the Cytosol by Various Ligands 69
4.11 Considerations 71
4.12 Conclusion 71
5 Biotechnology for Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Wastewater 77
Younis A. Hajam
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Organic Contaminants 78
5.3 Biotechnology in Environmental Engineering 79
5.4 Biological Treatment 82
5.5 Electrochemical Method 84
5.6 Heavy Metal Treatment 86
5.7 Conclusion 87
6 Novel Trends of Biotechnology in Wastewater Treatment 95
Anjani K. Upadhyay, Kazi N. Hasan, Apratim Chakraborty, and Manisha Priyadarshini
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 The Nascent Organic Methods 96
6.3 Forthcoming Technologies/Incubating Ideas: Theory of Existential Growth 104
6.4 Conclusion: Progression of Trending Technologies in Water Science 105
7 Role of Free-Floating Macrophytes in the Abatement of Disturbed Environments 113
Wajiha Anum, Umair Riaz, Ghulam Murtaza, Syed Ali Zulqadar, and Laila Shahzad
7.1 Introduction 113
7.2 Nutrient Equilibrium 113
7.3 Importance of Free-Floating Macrophytes in Ecosystem Structure and Function 113
7.4 How Toxins are Added to the Environment 114
7.5 Role of Aquatic Plants in Water Bodies 114
7.6 Phytoremediation 115
7.7 FFPs as Bioabsorbants 116
8 Enzymatic Approach for Phytoremediation 123
Anjali Pathak, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, Sadhna Pandey , Charu Gupta, and Meenakshi Shrivastav
8.1 Introduction 123
8.2 Mechanism and Types of Phytoremediation 124
8.3 Conclusion 128
9 Phyto-Metalloproteins and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 131
Ekta B. Jadhav, Shefali, Varad Nagar, Vinay Aseri, Poonam Kumari, Vanisha Godara, Sneha Lohar, Kumud K. Awasthi, Garima Awasthi, and Mahipal S. Sankhla
9.1 Introduction 131
9.2 Phytoremediation 132
9.3 Role of Metalloproteins in Phytoremediation 133
9.4 Use of Phytometalloproteins for Remediation of Contamination and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 134
9.5 Heavy Metal Uptake from Contaminated Water 135
9.6 Phytometalloproteins in Remediation of Contaminated Freshwater Ecosystems 137
9.7 Genetically Engineered or Modified Metalloproteins for Improved Remediation of Contaminated Water 138
9.8 Conclusion 139
10 Phytoremediation: The Way Forward 145
Muatasim Jan, Tawseef A. Mir, and Rakesh K. Khare
10.1 Introduction 145
10.2 Need for Phytoremediation 146
10.3 Phytoremediation Approaches 147
10.4 Hyperaccumulation 150
10.5 Genetically Engineered Plants and Phytoremediation 152
10.6 Multiple Benefits of Phytoremediation from Ecological to Socioeconomic 152
10.7 Phytoremediation-Theoretical Aspects 154
10.8 Phytomanagement: A New Paradigm 155
10.9 Future Prospects 157
10.10 Conclusions 157
11 Biotechnological Advancements in Phytoremediation 165
Venkatesh Chunduri, Payal Kapoor, Anita Kumari, Aman Kumar, Saloni Sharma, Natasha Sharma, Satveer Kaur, and Monika Garg
11.1 Introduction 165
11.2 Types of Phytoremediation 165
11.3 Types of Pollutants 167
11.4 Naturally Available Plant Species for Phytoremediation 168
11.5 Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 168
11.6 Advances in Biotechnological Approaches for Phytoremediation of Different Pollutants 171
11.7 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Inorganic Pollutants 172
11.8 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 175
11.9 Implications of Transgenic Plants for Phytoremediation against Herbicides 175
11.10 Nanomaterials-Assisted Phytoremediation 176
11.11 Next-Generation Sequencing and Omics Approach for Improving Phytoremediation 176
11.12 Gene Editing Tools and Phytoremediation 178
11.13 Conclusion 179
12 Phytoremediation of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Contaminated Environs 189
Durdana Shah, Azra Kamili, Nasreena Sajjad, Sumira Tyub, Gousia Majeed, Sabira Hafiz, Wasifa Noor, Saba Yaqoob, and Ishfaq Maqbool
12.1 Introduction 189
12.2 Mechanism of Phytoremediation by Heavy Metals 190
12.3 Factors which Affect Uptake Mechanisms 193
12.4 Strategies for Improved Efficiency of Phytoremediation 194
12.5 Metal Chelators Encoded by Overexpression Genes 194
12.6 Origins of Pesticide Entry into Water 194
12.7 Effects of Pesticides 197
12.8 Threats to Terrestrial Biodiversity 199
12.9 Impacts of Pesticides on Soil Ecosystem Services 199
13 Biotechnological Interventions for Removal of Heavy Metals and Metalloids from Water Resources 207
Munir Ozturk, Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal, and Huseyin Turker
13.1 Introduction 207
13.2 Water Pollution 207
13.3 Heavy Metals and Metalloids 208
13.4 Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Water Pollution 208
13.5 Heavy Metal and Metalloids Removal 209
13.6 Bioremediation in Pollution Management 209
13.7 Biosensors 212
13.8 Biotechnological Methods Used in the Removal of HMMs 213
13.9 Conclusion 213
14 Microbial Biofilms -- Pollutant Load Suppressor 219
Tanaji V. Latha, Uzma Sultana, Podduturi Vanamala, and Mir Z. Gul
14.1 Introduction 219
14.2 Characteristic Features of Biofilms that are Exploited for Bioremediation 219
14.3 Environmental Pollutants 220
14.4 Microbial Biofilms 220
14.5 Pesticide Degradation 224
14.6 Wastewater Treatment 225
14.7 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) 225
14.8 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants 226
14.9 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals 226
14.10 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 227
14.11 Conclusion 229
15 Recent Advances in the Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing 239
Yahaya Y. Riko and Zubairu U. Darma
15.1 Introduction: Aquatic Contamination Through Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Sources, Statistics, Impact, and Solution 239
15.2 Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): History, Concepts, Methodology, Analyses, and Relevance to Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 241
15.3 Key Insights and Recent Advances from Studies on the WGS of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading (Hydrocarbonoclastic) Bacteria in the Past Decade (2012--2021) 246
15.4 Future Research Directions in WGS Studies of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria 267
15.5 Conclusions 268
16 Green Synthesized Nanomaterials as Tools to Remediate Aquatic Pollution 277
Charu Gupta, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, and Anjali Pathak
16.1 Introduction 277
16.2 Approaches of Nanoparticle Synthesis 278
16.3 Routes of Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis 279
16.4 Applications of Green Nanomaterials in the Remediation of Aquatic Pollution 280
16.5 Conclusion 285
17 Nanotechnology-Based Applications: A Valuable Tool for Wastewater Clean-up 291
Mir Z. Gul, Beedu S. Rao, and Karuna Rupula
17.1 Introduction 291
17.2 Nanotechnology: A Reliable Tool 292
17.3 Main Nanotechnological Processes for Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment 293
17.4 Polymer-Based Nanoabsorbents 295
17.5 Membrane-Based Technology 296
17.6 Nanomaterials for Microbial Control and Disinfection 299
17.7 Photocatalytic-Based Technology 300
17.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 302
18 Reliability on Nanoscience: A Valuable Cleaning Tool for Wastewaters 313
Fernanda M. P. Tonelli, Helon G. Cordeiro, Danilo R. C. Ferreira, and Flavia C. P. Tonelli
18.1 Introduction 313
18.2 Wastewater's Pollution 313
18.3 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 314
18.4 Nanoscience and Wastewater Remediation 316
18.5 Conclusions 321
18.6 Future Perspectives 321
19 Transgenic Plant Technology and its Role in Bioremediation 329
Gulzar A. Rathar, Romica Verma, and Bhavana Sharma
19.1 Introduction 329
19.2 Transgenic Plant Technology 331
19.3 Transgenic Plants in Bioremediation 331
19.4 Metal Accumulators 332
19.5 Need for Transgenic Plants 333
19.6 Phytoremediation Via Chelation 334
19.7 Phytovolatilization 335
19.8 Chemical Modification 336
19.9 Risk Assessment 337
19.10 Future Perspectives 338
20 Comprehensive Note on Various Wastewater Treatment Strategies 345
Amna Aqeel and Javaria Zafar
20.1 Introduction 345
20.2 Treatment Strategies 346
20.3 Methods of Wastewater Treatments 350
20.4 Electrochemical Methods of Wastewater Treatment 355
20.5 Biological Treatment 356
20.6 Strategies for Biological Treatment 356
21 Case Studies of Aquatic Contamination and Bioremediation 367
Younis A. Hajam and Diksha
21.1 Introduction 367
21.2 Water Contamination 367
21.3 Noxious and Hazardous Combinations in Diesel-Tarnished Water 374
21.4 Halophilic Tiny Creatures Expected to Work as Bioremediation Trained Professionals 375
21.5 Parts Drew in with Diesel Bioremediation by Organisms 376
21.6 Conclusion 377
References 377
Glossary 385
Index 389
