Dedication | p. v |
Table of Contents | p. vii |
Foreword | p. xiii |
Preface | p. xv |
Comments on Prokaryote Nomenclature and Salt Concentration Units | p. xix |
An Historical Survey | p. 1 |
Halophilic Microorganisms in their Natural Environment and in Culture - An Historical Introduction | p. 3 |
Red brines - early observations and explanations | p. 3 |
The first records of the isolation of halophilic Archaea and Bacteria | p. 5 |
Dunaliella and other halophilic algae | p. 8 |
Ecological studies: the Great Salt Lake | p. 9 |
Alkaline soda lakes | p. 10 |
The Dead Sea | p. 11 |
The study of biogeochemical processes in hypersaline environments | p. 11 |
The beginning of the modern era of halophile research | p. 13 |
References | p. 14 |
Halophilic Microorganisms and their Properties | p. 19 |
Introduction | p. 21 |
Taxonomy of Halophilic Microorganisms: Archaea, Bacteria and Eucarya | p. 23 |
The place of halophiles within the microbial world | p. 23 |
The halophilic Archaea | p. 25 |
The halophilic and halotolerant Bacteria | p. 36 |
The halophilic and halotolerant Eucarya | p. 56 |
References | p. 57 |
The Cellular Structure of Halophilic Microorganisms | p. 69 |
Cellular structures of halophilic Archaea | p. 69 |
Cellular structures of halophilic Bacteria | p. 99 |
Cellular structures of halophilic Eucarya | p. 110 |
References | p. 111 |
Cellular Metabolism and Physiology of Halophilic Microorganisms | p. 125 |
Physiology of halophilic Archaea | p. 125 |
Physiology of halophilic Bacteria | p. 140 |
Physiology of halophilic Eucarya | p. 152 |
Metabolic diversity among the halophiles: a bioenergetic approach | p. 153 |
References | p. 157 |
Pigments of Halophilic Microorganisms | p. 173 |
Algal carotenoids | p. 174 |
Pigments of oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthetic Bacteria | p. 178 |
Carotenoids of aerobic heterotrophic Archaea and Bacteria | p. 179 |
The retinal pigments: bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and sensory rhodopsins | p. 183 |
The photoactive yellow protein of Halorhodospira and other halophilic purple bacteria | p. 196 |
References | p. 198 |
Intracellular Salt Concentrations and Ion Metabolism in Halophilic Microorganisms | p. 207 |
Introduction | p. 207 |
Methods used to estimate intracellular ionic concentrations in halophilic microorganisms | p. 208 |
Ion metabolism in the Halobacteriaceae | p. 210 |
Ion metabolism in aerobic halophilic Bacteria | p. 214 |
Ion metabolism in the Halanaerobiales | p. 223 |
Ion metabolism in Dunaliella | p. 223 |
References | p. 227 |
Properties of Halophilic Proteins | p. 233 |
Introduction | p. 233 |
Halophilic behavior of enzymes from halophilic Archaea | p. 235 |
Purification of halophilic proteins | p. 240 |
Salt relationships of selected proteins from halophilic Archaea | p. 249 |
Halophilic behavior of enzymes from the aerobic halophilic Bacteria | p. 253 |
Halophilic behavior of enzymes from the anaerobic halophilic Bacteria | p. 264 |
Halophilic behavior of enzymes from the halophilic Eucarya | p. 264 |
References | p. 267 |
Organic Compatible Solutes | p. 279 |
Organic osmotic solutes and their distribution | p. 279 |
Compatible solutes in the domain Archaea | p. 284 |
Compatible solutes in the domain Bacteria | p. 286 |
Compatible solutes in the domain Eucarya | p. 294 |
The mode of action of compatible solutes | p. 297 |
References | p. 299 |
Halophilic Bacteriophages and Halocins | p. 307 |
Bacteriophages of halophilic microorganisms | p. 307 |
Halocins | p. 316 |
References | p. 319 |
Genetics and Genomics of Halophilic Archaea and Bacteria | p. 323 |
Genetics of halophilic microorganisms - an historical survey | p. 323 |
Genetics of halophilic Archaea | p. 324 |
Genetics of halophilic Bacteria | p. 343 |
References | p. 348 |
Biotechnological Applications and Potentials of Halophilic Microorganisms | p. 357 |
Introduction | p. 357 |
Applications of halophlic Archaea | p. 359 |
Applications of halophlic Bacteria | p. 367 |
Applications of halophlic Eucarya | p. 375 |
References | p. 380 |
Hypersaline environments and their biota | p. 391 |
Introduction | p. 393 |
Great Salt Lake, Utah | p. 395 |
The lake and its setting | p. 395 |
The microbial communities of the Great Salt Lake | p. 400 |
Microbial isolates and their properties | p. 407 |
Biogeochemical processes | p. 409 |
References | p. 415 |
The Dead Sea | p. 419 |
The lake and its setting | p. 419 |
Early studies on the biota of the Dead Sea | p. 423 |
Dynamics of microbial blooms in the Dead Sea | p. 424 |
Microbial isolates and their properties | p. 431 |
Adaptations of the Dead Sea biota to the ionic composition of the lake | p. 433 |
The nature of the species dominant in the archaeal blooms | p. 434 |
Anaerobic processes in the Dead Sea sediments | p. 434 |
Biology of the Dead Sea - expected future developments | p. 435 |
References | p. 436 |
Solar Salterns | p. 441 |
The saltern environment and its biota | p. 441 |
Benthic microbial mats in the evaporation ponds | p. 444 |
Microbial isolates and their properties | p. 448 |
Approaches toward the identification of the dominant Archaea in saltern crystallizer ponds | p. 451 |
Salinibacter and other halophilic Bacteria in saltern ponds | p. 453 |
The red pigments in salten crystallizer ponds | p. 454 |
Dynamics of archaeal and bacterial communities in saltern ponds | p. 455 |
The importance of the saltern biota in the production of solar salt | p. 459 |
References | p. 462 |
Alkaline Hypersaline Lakes in Africa and Asia | p. 471 |
The Wadi Natrun lakes | p. 472 |
Lake Magadi and other East-African soda lakes | p. 478 |
Hypersaline soda lakes in Asia - chemical and biological characteristics | p. 489 |
References | p. 491 |
Mono Lake, California, and Big Soda Lake, Nevada | p. 495 |
Hypersaline lakes in the Great Basin of North America | p. 495 |
Mono Lake, California | p. 496 |
Big Soda Lake, Nevada | p. 508 |
References | p. 512 |
Miscellaneous Habitats of Halophilic Microorganisms--From Antarctic Lakes to Hydrothermal Vents | p. 517 |
Cold and hypersaline: Antarctic hypersaline lakes | p. 517 |
Hot and hypersaline: Solar Lake (Sinai) and other warm brines | p. 519 |
Seawater, deep sea brines and hydrothermal vents | p. 525 |
Halophilic microorganisms in oil field brines | p. 528 |
Halophiles in salt marshes, hypersaline lagoons and miscellaneous lakes | p. 528 |
Hypersaline springs | p. 531 |
Hypersaline soils | p. 532 |
Wall paintings | p. 532 |
Desert plants and animals | p. 533 |
References | p. 533 |
Epilogue | p. 541 |
Epilogue: Evolution of Halophiles and Survival of Halophiles on Earth and in Space | p. 543 |
The evolutionary origin of halophiles | p. 543 |
Long-term survival of halophiles in ancient salt crystals | p. 545 |
Halophiles in space? | p. 548 |
References | p. 549 |
Supplement | p. 553 |
Methods for Cultivation and Handling of Halophilic Archaea and Bacteria | p. 555 |
Glossary of Limnological Terms | p. 559 |
About the Author | p. 561 |
Organism Index | p. 563 |
Geographical Index | p. 567 |
Subject Index | p. 571 |
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