Preface xiii
About the companion website xv
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Nervous System 1
1.1 Neurons 1
1.2 Classification of Neurons 4
1.3 The Synapse 5
1.4 Neuroglial Cells 6
1.5 Axonal Transport 9
1.6 Degeneration and Regeneration 10
1.7 Neural Transplantation 14
Further Reading 14
Chapter 2 Development of the Nervous System 17
2.1 First Week 19
2.2 Second Week 20
2.3 Third Week 20
2.4 Fourth Week 21
2.5 Fifth Week 24
2.6 Vulnerability of the Developing Nervous System 26
2.7 Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System 27
Further Reading 29
Chapter 3 The Spinal Cord 31
3.1 Embryological Considerations 31
3.2 Gross Anatomy 34
3.3 Nuclear Groups – Gray Matter 37
3.4 Functional Classes of Neurons 39
3.5 Funiculi/Fasciculi/Tracts – White Matter 40
3.6 Spinal Reflexes 41
3.7 Spinal Meninges and Related Spaces 42
3.8 Spinal Cord Injury 43
3.9 Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord 44
Further Reading 44
Chapter 4 The Brain Stem 47
4.1 External Features 47
4.2 Cerebellum and Fourth Ventricle 50
4.3 Organization of Brain Stem Neuronal Columns 52
4.4 Internal Features 54
Further Reading 65
Chapter 5 The Forebrain 67
5.1 Telencephalon 67
5.2 Diencephalon 77
5.3 Cerebral White Matter 78
Further Reading 79
Chapter 6 Introduction to Ascending Sensory Paths 81
6.1 Receptors 81
6.2 Classification of Receptors by Modality 81
6.3 Classification of Receptors by Distribution and Function 84
6.4 Structural Classification of Receptors 84
6.5 Reflex Circuits 88
6.6 General Sensory Paths 89
6.7 Organization of General Sensory Paths 89
Further Reading 92
Chapter 7 Paths for Pain and Temperature 95
7.1 Path for Superficial Pain and Temperature from the Body 95
7.2 Path for Visceral Pain from the Body 102
7.3 The Trigeminal Nuclear Complex 107
7.4 Path for Superficial Pain and Thermal Extremes from the Head 108
7.5 Path for Thermal Discrimination from the Head 111
7.6 Somatic Afferent Components of VII, IX, and X 113
7.7 Trigeminal Neuralgia 113
7.8 Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia 114
Further Reading 114
Chapter 8 Paths for Touch, Pressure, Proprioception, and Vibration 117
8.1 Path for General Tactile Sensation from the Body 117
8.2 Path for Tactile Discrimination, Pressure, Proprioception, and Vibration from the Body 120
8.3 Path for Tactile Discrimination from the Head 130
8.4 Path for General Tactile Sensation from the Head 131
8.5 Path for Proprioception, Pressure, and Vibration from the Head 133
8.6 Trigeminal Motor Component 135
8.7 Certain Trigeminal Reflexes 136
Further Reading 138
Chapter 9 The Reticular Formation 141
9.1 Structural Aspects 141
9.2 Ascending Reticular System 146
9.3 Descending Reticular System 149
9.4 Functional Aspects of the Reticular Formation 149
Further Reading 153
Chapter 10 The Auditory System 155
10.1 Gross Anatomy 155
10.2 The Ascending Auditory Path 158
10.3 Descending Auditory Connections 164
10.4 Injury to the Auditory Path 165
10.5 Cochlear Implants 167
10.6 Auditory Brain Stem Implants 167
Further Reading 167
Chapter 11 The Vestibular System 171
11.1 Gross Anatomy 171
11.2 The Ascending Vestibular Path 173
11.3 Other Vestibular Connections 180
11.4 The Efferent Component of the Vestibular System 182
11.5 Afferent Projections to the Vestibular Nuclei 182
11.6 Vertigo 183
Further Reading 184
Chapter 12 The Visual System 187
12.1 Retina 187
12.2 Visual Path 191
12.3 Injuries to the Visual System 200
Further Reading 204
Chapter 13 Ocular Movements and Visual Reflexes 207
13.1 Ocular Movements 207
13.2 Conjugate Ocular Movements 207
13.3 Extraocular Muscles 209
13.4 Innervation of the Extraocular Muscles 210
13.5 Anatomical Basis of Conjugate Ocular Movements 215
13.6 Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus 216
13.7 Vestibular Connections and Ocular Movements 216
13.8 Injury to the Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus 218
13.9 Vestibular Nystagmus 218
13.10 The Reticular Formation and Ocular Movements 219
13.11 Congenital Nystagmus 219
13.12 Ocular Bobbing 219
13.13 Examination of the Vestibular System 219
13.14 Visual Reflexes 221
Further Reading 225
Chapter 14 The Thalamus 227
14.1 Introduction 227
14.2 Nuclear Groups of the Thalamus 228
14.3 Injuries to the Thalamus 238
14.4 Mapping the Human Thalamus 238
14.5 Stimulation of the Human Thalamus 239
14.6 The Thalamus as a Neurosurgical Target 239
Further Reading 240
Chapter 15 Lower Motor Neurons and the Pyramidal System 243
15.1 Regions Involved in Motor Activity 243
15.2 Lower Motor Neurons 243
15.3 Pyramidal System 247
Further Reading 256
Chapter 16 The Extrapyramidal System and Cerebellum 259
16.1 Extrapyramidal System 259
16.2 Cerebellum 267
16.3 Input to the Cerebellum Through the Peduncles 271
16.4 Input to the Cerebellum 272
16.5 Cerebellar Output 273
16.6 Cerebellar Circuitry 273
16.7 Common Discharge Paths 273
16.8 Cerebellar Functions 274
16.9 Manifestations of Injuries to the Motor System 275
16.10 Decorticate Versus Decerebrate Rigidity 278
16.11 Epilogue 278
Further Reading 279
Chapter 17 The Olfactory and Gustatory Systems 283
17.1 The Olfactory System 283
17.2 The Gustatory System 290
Further Reading 295
Chapter 18 The Limbic System 299
18.1 Historical Aspects 299
18.2 Anatomy of the Limbic System 300
18.3 Cyclic Paths of the Limbic System 306
18.4 The Human Limbic System: A Case Study 306
18.5 Descending Limbic Paths 307
18.6 Functional Aspects of the Human Limbic System 307
18.7 Limbic System Disorders 308
18.8 Injuries to Limbic Constituents 309
18.9 Psychosurgery of the Limbic System 309
Further Reading 310
Chapter 19 The Hypothalamus 313
19.1 Hypothalamic Zones (Medial to Lateral) 313
19.2 Hypothalamic Regions (Anterior to Posterior) 315
19.3 Hypothalamic Nuclei 315
19.4 Fiber Connections 321
19.5 Functions of the Hypothalamus 322
Further Reading 324
Chapter 20 The Autonomic Nervous System 327
20.1 Historical Aspects 327
20.2 Structural Aspects 328
20.3 Somatic Efferents Versus Visceral Efferents 331
20.4 Visceral Afferents 331
20.5 Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System 333
20.6 Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System 333
Further Reading 334
Chapter 21 The Cerebral Hemispheres 337
21.1 Facts and Figures 337
21.2 Cortical Neurons 338
21.3 Cortical Layers 338
21.4 Cortical Columns (Microarchitecture) 343
21.5 Functional Aspects of the Cerebral Cortex 343
21.6 Cerebral Dominance, Lateralization, and Asymmetry 343
21.7 Frontal Lobe 343
21.8 Parietal Lobe 347
21.9 Occipital Lobe 354
21.10 Temporal Lobe 354
21.11 Insula 357
21.12 Aphasia 358
21.13 Alexia 360
21.14 Apraxia 360
21.15 Gerstmann’s Syndrome 360
21.16 Agnosia 360
21.17 Dyslexia 360
Further Reading 361
Chapter 22 Blood Supply to the Central Nervous System 365
22.1 Cerebral Circulation 365
22.2 Aortic Arch, Brachiocephalic Trunk, and Subclavian Vessels 366
22.3 Vertebral–Basilar Arterial System 366
22.4 Blood Supply to the Spinal Cord 368
22.5 Blood Supply to the Brain Stem and Cerebellum 372
22.6 Common Carotid Artery 378
22.7 Blood Supply to the Cerebral Hemispheres 379
22.8 Cerebral Arterial Circle 383
22.9 Embryological Considerations 384
22.10 Vascular Injuries 384
Further Reading 384
Chapter 23 The Meninges, Ventricular System, and Cerebrospinal Fluid 387
23.1 The Cranial Meninges and Related Spaces 387
23.2 Ventricular System 391
23.3 Cerebrospinal Fluid 393
Further Reading 394
Figure and Table References 395
Index 399
