4D Printing, Volume 2

Foreword ix

Chapter 1. Getting Things Moving 1

1.1. Introduction 2

1.2. Actuators 4

1.2.1. General information 4

1.2.2. Different types of actuator 8

1.2.3. Amplification 11

1.2.4. Other modes of action from mechanics 12                                                                                 

1.2.5. Remarkable properties 16

1.3. Actuators and 4D printing 26

1.3.1. General framework 27

1.3.2. Specificities linked to the manufacturing process 30

1.4. Stimulations of matter 60

1.4.1. Programmable matter 61

1.4.2. Materials for 4D printing 70

1.4.3. Activations by physical pathway 88

1.4.4. A transition to 4D printing: swimming robots 97

1.4.5. Current scientific offer and application specifications 103

1.4.6. Some constraints 105

1.5. And tomorrow? 112

1.6. References 114

Chapter 2. Energy Stimulation: The Abandoned Child? 159

2.1. Introduction 159

2.2. To go a little further 162

2.3. References 164

Chapter 3. Material-Process Duality in Industrial 4D Printing 167

3.1. Introduction 167

3.2. From research to innovation 168

3.2.1. Research 169

3.2.2. Innovation 172

3.2.3. Inclusion of 4D printing in future projects 178

3.2.4. Weaknesses between research and profitable applications 181

3.3. From matter to 4D form; from 4D form to function 184

3.3.1. General considerations 189

3.3.2. Algorithms by/for 4D printing 190

3.3.3. Preforming the material 193

3.4. References 194

Chapter 4. Design for 4D Printing 203

4.1. Introduction 203

4.2. How can 4D printing in design be approached? 204

4.3. Opportunities and challenges in design: a strategic roadmap for research 207

4.3.1. Evolution of technological solutions and associated challenges 207

4.3.2. Design for 4D printing 209

4.3.3. Methodological framework for the design of energy-sensitive structures 211

4.4. Capture and reuse of 4D printing knowledge 213

4.5. Functional design 218

4.5.1. Functional modeling and solution principles 218

4.5.2. Smart material/stimulus selection and processing planning 219

4.6. From architectural design to detailed design 219

4.6.1. Definition of design spaces and CAD representations 220

4.6.2. Voxel-based modeling and simulation of active material behavior 221

4.6.3. Distribution of active materials 224

4.6.4. Distribution of active materials by integrating empty elements 227

4.6.5. Additional scientific challenges 229

4.7. Digital chain for 4D design and prototyping 230

4.8. Claims and practical constraints 231

4.9. Conclusion 232

4.10. References 232

Conclusion 243

Appendix 281

Index 293