Preface | p. xi |
Atoms, Nuclei, and Energy | p. 3 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Periodic Table of the Elements and Electron Configurations of Atoms | p. 3 |
Atomic Nuclei and Nuclear Binding Energies | p. 13 |
Cohesive Energies among the Atoms of Pure Metals and Nonmetals | p. 19 |
Ionization Energies and Electron Affinities of Gaseous Atoms and Ions | p. 23 |
Ionic Radii and Ionic Potentials | p. 28 |
Electric Polarizability | p. 35 |
ElectrOnegativity | p. 39 |
Crystal Lattice Energies | p. 44 |
Hydrolysis of Canons and Dissociation of Oxyacids | p. 48 |
Solubility Products and Affinity of Aqueous Cations to Oxides | p. 52 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 53 |
The Solar Nebula and Nucleosynthesis | p. 55 |
Introduction | p. 55 |
Elemental and Isotopic Compositions of the Solar Nebula | p. 55 |
Cosmological Nucleosynthesis | p. 63 |
Stellar Nucleosynthesis | p. 68 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 82 |
Structure and Chemistry of the Solar System | p. 83 |
Introduction | p. 83 |
Motion of Interplanetary Objects | p. 83 |
Asteroids and Comets | p. 86 |
Planets, Their Satellites, and Their Rings | p. 99 |
Condensation of Solid Dusts from the Solar Nebular Gas | p. 107 |
Distribution of Elements in Meteorites | p. 119 |
Introduction | p. 119 |
Classification of Meteorites | p. 119 |
Oxygen Isotopes and Possible Genetic Relationships among Subclasses of Meteorites | p. 129 |
Bulk Compositions of Chondrites and Factor Analysis | p. 133 |
Cosmochemical Classification of Elements | p. 144 |
Matrices and Chondrules of Chondrites | p. 154 |
Ca-Al-Rich Inclusions in Chondrites | p. 167 |
Igneous Differentiation in Achondrites and Iron Meteorites | p. 179 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 188 |
Igneous Rocks and the Composition of the Earth | p. 189 |
Introduction | p. 189 |
Classification Scheme for Igneous Rocks | p. 189 |
Earth's Structure and Mineral Composition | p. 193 |
Partial Melting and Fractional Crystallization Models of Igneous Rocks | p. 197 |
Deduction of the Primitive Upper Mantle Composition | p. 209 |
Partition of the Elements between Mantle and Core | p. 215 |
Continental and Oceanic Crusts | p. 221 |
Relationship between the Compositions of Mantle and Crust | p. 231 |
Isotopic Heterogeneity of the Mantle | p. 234 |
Case Studies of Elemental Association in Igneous Rocks | p. 242 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 249 |
Weathering and Sedimentary Rocks | p. 253 |
Introduction | p. 253 |
Weathering of Igneous Rocks | p. 254 |
Dissolved Products of Chemical Weathering | p. 260 |
Major Classes of Sedimentary Rocks | p. 264 |
Relative Abundances of Major Sedimentary Rock Types and Mass Balance | p. 268 |
Shales and Related Materials | p. 273 |
Trace Elements in SandstOne and LimestOne | p. 283 |
Iron Formations | p. 288 |
Partition of Elements between River-Suspended Particles and River Water, and the Adsorption Model | p. 296 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 302 |
Distribution of Elements in the Ocean | p. 303 |
Introduction | p. 303 |
Concentrations of Elements in the Oceans | p. 3(13 |
Chemical Speciation of Elements in the Ocean | p. 312 |
Marine Algae and Plankton | p. 317 |
Zooplankton Fecal Pellets and Sediment Trap Material | p. 325 |
Marine Sediments | p. 329 |
Marine Manganese Nodules and Seamount Manganese Crusts | p. 341 |
Marine Phosphorite | p. 347 |
Hydrothermal Vents of the Mid-Ocean Ridges | p. 348 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 352 |
Biosphere and Homo Sapiens | p. 355 |
Introduction | p. 355 |
Are all Creatures Created Equal? | p. 355 |
Human Body | p. 366 |
Coals, Crude Oils, and Organic-Rich Shales | p. 376 |
Relative Volatility of Elements and Compositions of Aerosol Particles | p. 387 |
Effects of Fossil Fuel Burning on the Chemistry of Rain and River Waters: A Case Study | p. 405 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 411 |
Appendix: Rayleigh Condensation and Evaporation Models | p. 413 |
Appendix Table A-1: Ionization | |
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