A Grammar of the Hittite Language

PrefaceAbbreviations and Conventional MarkingsGeneral Abbreviations Bibliographical AbbreviationsIntroductionThe Hittites and Their LanguageDeciphermentThe Text CorpusModern Resources for StudyCuneiform EditionsCommentariesSign LexiconGrammarsDictionariesText Catalogues and Name CollectionsChapter 1. Orthography and PhonologyThe Cuneiform Writing System of the HittitesOrthographyWriting ConventionsTranscriptional ConventionsHomophonyPolyphonyMultivalenceNew ValuesLogogram PronunciationPhonologyIndividual Phonemes (Vowels and Consonants)VowelsConsonantsPhonotacticsOnomatopoeiaAccentChapter 2Noun and Adjective FormationUnderived StemsDerived StemsReduplicated Nouns and AdjectivesCompounded Nouns and AdjectivesChapter 3Noun and Adjective InflectionInflectional EndingsThe Basic SchemeCommon-Gender NominativeCommon-Gender AccusativeNeuter Nominative-AccusativeErgativeGenitiveDative-LocativeVocativeAllativeAblativeInstrumentalStem VariationChapter 4Noun and Adjective Declensiona-Stem NounsCommon-Gender a-Stem NounsNeuter a-Stem Nounsa-Stem Adjectivesi- and u-Stem Nounsi-Stem Nounsi-MutationCommon-Gender i-Stem NounsNeuter i-Stem Nounsai-Stem Nounsi-Stem Adjectivesu-Stem NounsCommon-Gender u-Stem NounsNeuter u-Stem Nounsau-Stem Nounsu-Stem Adjectivese-Stem NounConsonantal-Stem Nouns and Adjectives-Stem Nounl-Stem Nounsal-Stem Nounse/il-Stem Nounsul-Stem Nounsn-Stem NounsNeuter n-Stem NounsCommon-Gender n-Stem Nounsr-Stem Nouns and Adjectivess-Stem Nounst-Stem Nouns and AdjectivesSimple t-Stem Nounsnt-Stem Nouns and Adjectivesr/n-Stem NounsNon-Derived r/n-Stem NounsDerived Nouns with Suffix -atarDerived Nouns with Suffix -essarDerived Nouns with Suffix -awarDerived Nouns with Suffix -marVerbal SubstantivesIrregular Consonant-Stem NounsChapter 5Personal PronounsDistinctive Features of Pronominal Stems and EndingsAccented (Independent) Personal PronounsEnclitic Personal PronounsChapter 6Possessive PronounsChapter 7Deixis: The Demonstrativeska- and apa-asi, uni, inianni-Adverbs Built to DemonstrativesChapter 8. Relative and Indefinite PronounsThe Interrogative and Relative Pronoun kui-The Indefinite Pronoun kuiski and the Distributive kuissaOther Stems with Partial Pronominal InflectionChapter 9NumbersForm and Declension of the Cardinals`One'`Two' to `Ten'The Syntax of the CardinalsAgreement in CaseNumber Agreement with Non-CollectivesCounting Non-Decimal SetsWord Order in CountingFractionsOrdinal NumbersOrdinals in -t-MultiplicativesDistributivesDerivative Adjectives and VerbsNumbers in CompoundsCompound NumbersChapter 10. Verb FormationReduplicated RootsVerbal Suffixes and InfixesOverviewThe Individual SuffixesChapter 11Verb InflectionTypes of Verbal InflectionIrregularities in the mi-ConjugationIrregularities in the hi-ConjugationMedio-Passive EndingsVerbal Substantive, Participle, Infinitive, and SupineChapter 12Conjugation of mi-VerbsConsonantal StemsRoot StemsAffixed StemsVocalic StemsAblautingNon-AblautingSuppletive VerbVerbs with Mixed StemsChapter 13Conjugation of hi-VerbsConsonantal StemsVocalic Stemsa-StemsStems Originally in -Cw-ai-StemsStems with Mixed Inflection in -a- and -i-Verbs with the Imperfective Suffix -anna/i-Mixture of mi- and hi-FormsChapter14Medio-Passive ConjugationConsonantal StemsVocalic StemsChronology of the Medio-Passive EndingsMedio-Passive Stem FormationChapter 15Grammatical AgreementTypes of AgreementLack of AgreementIn GenderIn NumberChapter 16Noun CasesGeneralitiesNominativeVocative and `Naming Construction'Other Forms of Direct AddressAccusativeErgativeGenitiveWord Order in a Genitival PhraseDative-LocativeIndirect ObjectIndicating PossessionDative of DisadvantageGoalPurpose or ResultLocationTemporal UsesUnits of Measure and DimensionsAdditive-IncrementalAllativeAblativeInstrumentalCases with Particular VerbsChapter 17AdjectivesComparison of AdjectivesComparative DegreeSuperlative DegreeChapter 18PronounsIndependent Personal PronounsEnclitic Personal Pronouns(Third-Person) Subject CliticsIntransitive Verbs with Subject CliticsIntransitive Verbs without Subject CliticsOther Clauses without Referential SubjectsSpecial CasesDemonstrative Pronounska-, apa-, and asi: Word OrderDeclinable kas kas as a Distributive ExpressionCorrelated ka-Forms Having Different CasesOther Deictic ElementsThe Indefinite Pronoun kuiskitamai-Chapter 19AdverbsLocal AdverbsTemporal AdverbsAdverbs of MannerDenominative AdverbsThe Adverbial Suffix -iliAdverbial CircumlocutionsChapter 20Local Adverbs, Preverbs, and PostpositionsFree-standing AdverbsPreverbsPostpositionsChapter 21Verb VoiceActive VoiceMiddle VoicePassive VoiceChapter 22Verb TensePresentPreteriteThe Analytic Perfect ConstructionFunctionFormUniqueness within the Old Anatolian Indo-European GroupExamples`Stative' Constructions with har (k)- and es-Chapter 23Verb MoodIndicativeImperativeOptative, Potential, and IrrealisOptativePotential and IrrealisChapter 24Verb AspectImperfectivesAdverbial MarkersSuffix MarkersNuances of Imperfective AspectChoice of SuffixSuffix Redundancykasa (tta) and kasmaThe `Serial' Use of pai- `to go' and uwa- `to come'Chapter 25Non-Finite Verb FormsVerbal SubstantiveInfinitiveSupineParticipleChapter 26. NegationnattaWord Order with nattaNegative Rhetorical Questions (with Negatives of Assertion)nawi `not yet'Imperatival and Categorical Negative lele⸠man and numanCategorical Negative leWord Order with lene/ikkuDouble NegativesCarry-Over of Negative ForceSummaryChapter 27QuestionsIntonation MarkingYes-No QuestionsDirect Questions with Interrogative Pronouns, Adjectives,and AdverbsQuestions Posing AlternativesIndirect QuestionsChapter 28ParticlesThe Particle -wa (r-)The Particle -z (a)FormReflexive FunctionLexical Use of -z (a)Use in Nominal Sentences and with the Verb `To Be'The Local Particles -an, -apa, -asta, -kan, and -sanThe Particle -kanThe `Local' ValueAccompanying the `Dative of Disadvantage'The Terminative ValueWith Verbs of HostilityAspect Independent of Verb's Lexical MeaningAbsence of Expected -kanSummaryThe Particle -sanCo-occurring with the Adverb serPhysical or Conceptual Movement toward an ObjectThe Particle -anThe Particle -apaThe Particle -astaThe Particle -patAnaphoricParticularizingRestrictiveContrastiveChapter 29ConjunctionsClause-Initial Clause-Linking ConjunctionsDistributionnusutaEnclitic Clause-Linking Conjunctions-a/-ma-a/-yaAsyndetonFormFunctionDisjunctionnassu nas (su)ma-(a) ku -(a) kuChapter 30ClausesWord OrderMajor ConstituentsDeletion ProcessesSentential CliticsNominal and `To Be' SentencesDependent ClausesTemporal ClausesCausal ClausesConcessive ClausesConditional ClausesSimple ConditionsContrary-to-Fact ConditionsRelative ClausesIndirect Statements and QuestionsMultiple Dependent ClausesChapter 31. Sumerian and AkkadianSumerogramsNouns, Adjectives, and ParticiplesPronounsVerbsAkkadian GrammarOrthographySuperscriptingPhonetic ComplementsPhonologyMorphologyNouns and AdjectivesPronominal SuffixesNumbersVerbsConjunctionsCalquesPrepositionsReferences