| List of maps and tables | p. x |
| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgments | p. xii |
| Terminology | p. xiii |
| Abbreviations | p. xiv |
| Intentions | p. 1 |
| Tanganyika in 1800 | p. 6 |
| Nature and men | p. 6 |
| Production, exchange, and social organisation | p. 13 |
| Political organisation | p. 21 |
| The problem of evil | p. 26 |
| Music and dance | p. 33 |
| The larger world | p. 35 |
| The nineteenth century | p. 40 |
| The growth of long-distance trade | p. 40 |
| The politics of survival | p. 52 |
| The restructuring of indigenous economies | p. 67 |
| Innovation and resistance in culture and religion | p. 77 |
| The German conquest | p. 88 |
| German invasion and coastal resistance | p. 88 |
| The struggle for the caravan routes | p. 98 |
| Mkwawa and Hehe resistance | p. 107 |
| The consolidation of German rule | p. 116 |
| Colonial economy and ecological crisis, 1890-1914 | p. 123 |
| Disaster and survival in the 1890s | p. 124 |
| Railways and the colonial economy | p. 135 |
| The struggle for labour | p. 151 |
| The ecological catastrophe | p. 163 |
| The Maji Maji rebellion, 1905-7 | p. 168 |
| Outbreak | p. 168 |
| Expansion | p. 181 |
| Repression | p. 193 |
| Aftermath | p. 199 |
| Religious and cultural change before 1914 | p. 203 |
| Indigenous religions | p. 203 |
| Islam | p. 208 |
| Christianity | p. 216 |
| Dance | p. 237 |
| Fortunes of war | p. 240 |
| The campaign and its outcome | p. 240 |
| Survival and opportunity | p. 248 |
| The British regime and its beneficiaries | p. 261 |
| The Great War for Civilisation | p. 269 |
| The origins of rural capitalism | p. 273 |
| The emergence of peasant societies | p. 274 |
| Cash crops and social change | p. 286 |
| European enterprise and African labour | p. 301 |
| Regional differentiation and food production | p. 311 |
| The creation of tribes | p. 318 |
| The adoption of indirect rule | p. 318 |
| The implementation of indirect rule | p. 325 |
| The ideology of indirect rule | p. 334 |
| The crisis of colonial society, 1929-45 | p. 342 |
| The loss of creative energy | p. 342 |
| Diminishing returns | p. 347 |
| A fading vision | p. 356 |
| The spiral of repression | p. 370 |
| Responsibility for the future | p. 376 |
| Townsmen and workers | p. 381 |
| Urban diversity and social categories | p. 381 |
| Dar es Salaam | p. 384 |
| The labour movement | p. 395 |
| The African Association, 1929-48 | p. 405 |
| The association in Dar es Salaam, 1929-39 | p. 406 |
| The association in the provinces, 1929-39 | p. 412 |
| Popular organisation and pan-Africanism, 1939-45 | p. 418 |
| Territorial consciousness and organisational collapse, 1945-8 | p. 426 |
| The new colonialism | p. 436 |
| Policy and planning | p. 437 |
| Development and deprivation in African rural societies | p. 453 |
| Nation-building | p. 475 |
| The new politics, 1945-55 | p. 485 |
| Tribal aggregation | p. 487 |
| Popular politics in the north-east | p. 490 |
| The politicisation of the Lake Province | p. 503 |
| Julius Nyerere and the formation of TANU | p. 507 |
| The first phase of nationalist growth | p. 513 |
| The nationalist victory, 1955-61 | p. 521 |
| The United Tanganyika Party | p. 521 |
| The social composition of TANU, 1955-8 | p. 523 |
| Labour, trade, religion, and nationalism | p. 537 |
| The breakthrough, 1958-9 | p. 552 |
| Between past and future, 1959-61 | p. 567 |
| Bibliography | p. 577 |
| Index | p. 595 |
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