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A Theory of the Basal Ganglia and Their Disorders : Conceptual Advances in Brain Research - Robert Miller

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A Theory of the Basal Ganglia and Their Disorders

By: Robert Miller

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Hardcover | 8 January 2007 | Edition Number 1

At a Glance

Hardcover
312 Pages

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23.4 x 15.6 x 2.54

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$712.25

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The Basal ganglia, to adopt a phrase of Churchill's, are "a riddle wrapped in a mystery, inside an enigma." And although there is a wealth of information available on them, this research field remains controversial due in part to the diverse number of disciplines involved. A Theory of the Basal Ganglia and Their Disorders provides a clear, coherent view of basal ganglia that integrates evidence from the basic neurosciences, neurology, and psychiatry. The author explores the basal ganglia within a context of the function of the mammalian forebrain as a whole.

Divided into two parts, the book explores the basic framework in which normal functions of the basal ganglia can be understood, and then moves on to discuss major disorders. It explains, as far as possible, symptoms and related clinical facts in terms of the underlying pathology and pathophysiology. With this goal in mind, the author includes only disorders of the basal ganglia for which there are already clear ideas about the underlying neuropathology or pathophysiology. He also conveys the human experience of these disorders as well as their scientific basis.

While many books cover cutting-edge research, none have addressed large-scale questions about the role of the basal ganglia as a whole. Until now. This is arguably the only book published in the last 50 years that has attempted to provide an overall theory of the basal ganglia, as well as relevant areas of neurology and psychiatry. It concisely presents the theory, rather than comprehensively covering all the literature, and places the essential clinical facts within a framework formulated for normal operations of the basal ganglia. Presenting a unified view, the book takes several steps toward unraveling the riddle that is basal ganglia.

Industry Reviews

"Miller's knowledge of the anatomy of neurological disorders is impressive. Only a person with a lifetime of experience in basal ganglia research could pull together such a wide range of information into a coherent model. We can all be grateful for the work of researchers like Robert Miller who have persevered for so many years in this area and are giving us all a coherent model of basal ganglia function."

- James J. Jakubow in PsycCRITIQUES, Volume 54, No. 35, 2008

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Medicine Clinical & Internal Medicine Neurology & Clinical Neurophysiology Psychology Physiological & Neuro-Psychology, Biopsychology Other Branches of Medicine Psychiatry Psychological Theory, Systems, Schools of Thought & Viewpoints Medicine in General Science Biology, Life Sciences

Life Sciences in General Neurosciences

List of Figures	p. ix
List of Tables	p. xi
Series Preface	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Author	p. xix
The Framework for Normal Basal Ganglionic Function
Introduction: Background to the Dynamics of the Basal Ganglia	p. 3
The Cortico-Thalamo-Hippocampal Excitatory Network: Substrate for Cell Assemblies and Associative Operations	p. 3
Definition of Executive Functions	p. 7
The "Motor Thalamus": Target of Executive Decisions?	p. 8
The Striatum: Functional Significance and "Direct" Connectivity to Output Nuclei of the Basal Ganglia	p. 13
The Striatum: Detector and Encoder of Motivationally Significant Outcomes of Behavior and Deployer of Motivationally Favorable Behaviors	p. 13
Functional Subdivisions within Each Component of the Basal Ganglia	p. 18
The "Credit Assignment Problem"	p. 20
Morphological Evidence about the Fine Distribution of Connections in the Basal Ganglia	p. 21
Cybernetic Interpretations Derived from Quantitative Synaptology	p. 28
Collateral Inhibition in the Striatum	p. 32
The "Indirect" Pathways from Striatum to Basal Ganglia Output Nuclei, and Their Relation to the "Direct" Pathway	p. 37
Overall Patterns of Connectivity	p. 37
Segregation versus Overlap of "Direct" and "Indirect" Pathways from Striatum to Thalamus	p. 40
The "Credit Assignment Problem" in the Indirect Pathway	p. 42
Evidence on the Relative Role of "Direct" and "Indirect" Pathways	p. 43
Is the Subthalamus an Input Nucleus for the Basal Ganglia or a Relay in the Indirect Pathway?	p. 43
Dopamine in the Subthalamic Nucleus, and Changes in Neural Activity There, after Dopamine Denervation	p. 46
Evidence that Neural Activity in GPe and GPi Have Opposite Signs of Relation to Behavior	p. 48
Relation Between Levels of Motor Activity and Neural Activity in GPi or SNR	p. 48
Relation Between Levels of Motor Activity and Neural Activity in GPe	p. 52
Relation Between Striatal Neurons of Origin of Direct and Indirect Pathways, and Levels of Motor Activity	p. 54
Summary	p. 57
Supposed Separate Cellular Locations and Actions of Different Dopamine Receptors on Neurons of Origin of the "Direct" and "Indirect" Pathways	p. 58
Cytological and Histological Studies	p. 58
Function Studied by Biochemical Methods	p. 61
Function Studied by Electrophysiological Methods	p. 63
Function Studied by Behavioral Methods	p. 64
Synopsis	p. 65
Increase versus Decrease of Firing Rate in Neurons of Origin of the Direct and Indirect Pathways	p. 66
Theories of Basal Ganglionic Function	p. 71
Early Theories	p. 71
Synopsis of Key Issues	p. 73
The "Scaling of Movement" Hypothesis	p. 76
The "Focused Selection" Hypothesis	p. 77
A More Complete Version of the "Focused Selection" Theory, Including Predictions	p. 82
Comparison with an Earlier Theory of the Basal Ganglia: Significance of Cell Assemblies	p. 90
Dynamics of Neural Activity in Structures of the Basal Ganglia and the Nature of the Neural Code in These Structures	p. 93
Synopsis of Part I and Predictions Derived from It	p. 99
Interpretation of Symptoms of Diseases of the Basal Ganglia
Introduction	p. 105
General Comments	p. 105
Neuropathology and Pathophysiology of Disorders of the Basal Ganglia	p. 106
Huntington's Disease	p. 111
Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
The "Goad and the Halter" in Parkinson's Disease	p. 115
Coactivation of Striatal Neurons and Cognitive Problems Associated with Parkinsonian Syndromes	p. 120
Inflexibility of Adjustments of Posture and Gait in Parkinson's Disease	p. 125
The Role of the Subthalamus in Production of Parkinsonian Symptoms	p. 128
Burst Firing in Components of the Basal Ganglia and Parkinsonian Tremor	p. 129
Direct Connections from Basal Ganglia to Brain Stem, and Their Role in Parkinsonian Akinesia and Rigidity	p. 135
Projections from GP and STN to the Pedunculopontine Nucleus	p. 135
Akinesia and the Influence of the Basal Ganglia on the Pedunculopontine Nucleus	p. 136
Parkinsonian Rigidity	p. 139
Parkinson's Disease: Summary	p. 142
Dopamine-Dependent Psychosis	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
Development of the Dopamine Hypothesis of Psychosis	p. 146
Neural Dynamics in the Basal Ganglia When Dopaminergic Tone Is Elevated	p. 147
Striatal Unit Firing in High-Dopamine States: Experiments and Theory	p. 148
Unit Firing in Other Components of the Basal Ganglia in High-Dopamine States	p. 151
Overactivity of Striatal Dopamine in Relation to the Symptoms of Psychosis	p. 154
Perceptual and Conceptual Bases of Psychotic Symptoms	p. 154
Behavioral and Motor Bases of Psychotic Symptoms	p. 161
Pharmacology of Psychosis	p. 163
Positive Feedback Between Striatum and Cortex in the Generation of Psychosis	p. 163
Syndromes Arising as Complications of Prolonged Underactivity of Striatal Dopamine Mechanism, and Other Disorders of the Basal Ganglia	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Reasons for Identifying Striatal Cholinergic Cell Loss as the Origin of the Four Syndromes	p. 172
Three of These Syndromes Emerge during Prolonged Dopaminergic Underactivity	p. 172
These Syndromes Are Persistent, Even Permanent	p. 175
Relationship of These Syndromes to Dopamine and Acetylcholine	p. 175
Discussion	p. 176
Pathology and Neurochemical Pathology in Syndromes Emergent during Prolonged Dopaminergic Underactivity	p. 178
Neuronal Dynamics during PDD and TD and the Role of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons	p. 180
Phenomenology of PDD and TD	p. 186
Dyskinesias, Stereotypy, Refractory Psychosis and Other Behavioral Pathologies Related to High-Dopamine States without a Prior History of Prolonged Dopaminergic Underactivity	p. 192
Pharmacological Theory: Involvement of Dopaminergic and Cholinergic Receptor Subtypes	p. 194
Agonists and Antagonists Selective for D1 versus D2 Dopamine Receptors	p. 194
Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes and the Special Efficacy of Clozapine, and Other Agents	p. 196
Other Disorders Involving the Basal Ganglia	p. 199
Dystonia	p. 200
Tourette's Syndrome and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder	p. 203
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	p. 207
Synopsis of Part II and Predictions Derived from It	p. 211
Abbreviations	p. 217
Pharmacological Agents and Their Actions	p. 219
References	p. 221
Index	p. 279
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

A Theory of the Basal Ganglia and Their Disorders

At a Glance

Hardcover

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