| Introduction | p. 1 |
| The energy issue | p. 4 |
| World energy perspectives | p. 4 |
| Energy consumptions | p. 4 |
| Fossil reserves | p. 4 |
| Greenhouse effect | p. 6 |
| Renewable energies | p. 17 |
| Solar energy | p. 17 |
| Biomass | p. 18 |
| Wind energy | p. 19 |
| Hydroelectricity | p. 19 |
| Nuclear energy | p. 20 |
| Standard reactors | p. 20 |
| Breeder reactors | p. 23 |
| Nuclear waste disposal options | p. 24 |
| Deployment of a breeder park | p. 31 |
| Costs | p. 35 |
| The possible role of accelerator driven subcritical reactors | p. 36 |
| Safety advantages of subcriticality | p. 37 |
| Use of additional neutrons | p. 38 |
| Elementary reactor theory | p. 39 |
| Interaction of neutrons with nuclei | p. 39 |
| Elementary processes | p. 39 |
| Properties of heavy nuclei | p. 40 |
| Neutron density, flux and reaction rates | p. 42 |
| Neutron propagation | p. 45 |
| Boltzmann equation | p. 46 |
| Integral form of the Boltzmann equation | p. 47 |
| Fick's law | p. 47 |
| Diffusion equation | p. 49 |
| Slowing down of neutrons | p. 53 |
| Neutron multiplying assemblies | p. 60 |
| Limiting values | p. 62 |
| Critical masses | p. 63 |
| Maximum flux | p. 66 |
| Reactor control | p. 68 |
| Delayed neutrons | p. 68 |
| Temperature dependence of the reactivity | p. 73 |
| Critical trip | p. 76 |
| Residual heat extraction | p. 78 |
| Fuel evolution | p. 81 |
| The Bateman equations | p. 82 |
| The long-term fuel evolutions | p. 82 |
| Basics of waste transmutation | p. 87 |
| Radiotoxicities | p. 87 |
| Neutron balance for transmutation and incineration | p. 88 |
| ADSR principles | p. 93 |
| Properties of the multiplying medium | p. 93 |
| Energy gain | p. 94 |
| Neutron balance | p. 94 |
| Neutron importance | p. 97 |
| Practical simulation methods | p. 99 |
| Neutron reaction data files | p. 99 |
| Determinstic methods | p. 103 |
| Monte Carlo codes | p. 104 |
| Deterministic versus Monte Carlo simulation codes | p. 104 |
| MCNP, a well validated Monte Carlo code | p. 105 |
| Physics in MCNP | p. 105 |
| Precision and variance reduction | p. 110 |
| MCNP in practice | p. 111 |
| Introduction | p. 111 |
| Units | p. 111 |
| Input file structure | p. 111 |
| Examples | p. 122 |
| Reactivity calculation | p. 122 |
| Homogeneous versus heterogeneous cores | p. 123 |
| Subcritical core | p. 126 |
| Precision | p. 132 |
| Fuel evolution | p. 133 |
| Evolution constraint | p. 134 |
| Spatial flux | p. 134 |
| Special cross-section data | p. 134 |
| Time step between two MCNPs | p. 135 |
| The neutron source | p. 138 |
| Interaction of protons with matter | p. 138 |
| Electronic energy losses | p. 138 |
| Nuclear stopping | p. 139 |
| The nuclear cascade | p. 140 |
| Experimental tests of the INC models | p. 142 |
| The neutron source | p. 148 |
| State of the art of the simulation codes | p. 154 |
| Alternative primary neutron production | p. 155 |
| Deuteron induced neutron production | p. 155 |
| Muon catalysed fusion | p. 158 |
| Electron induced neutron production | p. 159 |
| Experimental determination of the energy gain | p. 160 |
| Two-stage neutron multipliers | p. 161 |
| High-intensity accelerators | p. 164 |
| State of the art of high-intensity accelerators | p. 165 |
| Requirements for ADSR accelerators | p. 166 |
| Perspectives for high-intensity accelerators for ADSRs | p. 168 |
| Examples of high-intensity accelerator concepts | p. 170 |
| ADSR kinetics | p. 171 |
| Reactivity evolutions | p. 177 |
| Long-term evolutions | p. 177 |
| Short-term reactivity excursions | p. 177 |
| Protactinium effect | p. 179 |
| Xenon effect | p. 181 |
| Temperature effect | p. 183 |
| Impact of reactivity excursions | p. 184 |
| Fuel reprocessing techniques | p. 185 |
| Basics of reprocessing | p. 185 |
| Wet processes | p. 188 |
| The purex process | p. 188 |
| Dry processes | p. 199 |
| Vaporization | p. 200 |
| Gas purge | p. 201 |
| Liquid-liquid extraction | p. 201 |
| Selective precipitation | p. 204 |
| Electrolysis | p. 204 |
| Generic properties of ADSRs | p. 209 |
| The homogeneous spherical reactor | p. 209 |
| General solution of the diffusion equation | p. 210 |
| The three-zone reactor | p. 210 |
| Model calculations | p. 211 |
| Parametric study of heterogeneous systems | p. 213 |
| Role of hybrid reactors in fuel cycles | p. 215 |
| The thorium-uranium cycle | p. 215 |
| Radiotoxicity | p. 215 |
| Breeding rates | p. 217 |
| Doubling time | p. 219 |
| Transition towards a [superscript 232]Th-based fuel from the PWR spent fuel, using a fast spectrum and solid fuel | p. 222 |
| Thorium cycle with thermal spectrum | p. 225 |
| Incineration | p. 229 |
| Plutonium incineration | p. 229 |
| Minor actinide incineration | p. 231 |
| Initial reactivity of MA fuels | p. 232 |
| Fuel evolution | p. 234 |
| Solid versus liquid fuels | p. 238 |
| The paradox of minor actinide fuels | p. 239 |
| Ground laying proposals | p. 242 |
| Solid fuel reactors | p. 242 |
| Lead cooled ADSR: the Rubbia proposal | p. 242 |
| Molten salt reactors | p. 246 |
| The Bowman proposal | p. 246 |
| The TIER concept | p. 247 |
| Cost estimates | p. 249 |
| Scenarios for the development of ADSRs | p. 252 |
| Experiments | p. 253 |
| The FEAT experiment | p. 253 |
| The MUSE experiment | p. 253 |
| Demonstrators | p. 255 |
| Japan | p. 255 |
| United States | p. 255 |
| Europe | p. 256 |
| Deep underground disposal of nuclear waste | p. 263 |
| Model of an underground disposal site | p. 263 |
| Radioelement diffusion in geological layers | p. 264 |
| Physical model of diffusion in the clay layer | p. 265 |
| Simplified solution of the diffusion problem through the clay layer | p. 266 |
| Solubility as a limiting factor of the flow of radioactive nuclei | p. 267 |
| Determining the dose to the population | p. 267 |
| Some dose determination examples | p. 268 |
| Full computation example of the dose at the outlet | p. 269 |
| Accidental intrusion | p. 271 |
| Drilled samples | p. 272 |
| Using the well to draw drinking water | p. 272 |
| Heat production and sizing of the storage site | p. 274 |
| Schematic determination of the temperature distribution | p. 274 |
| Examples | p. 275 |
| Geological hazard | p. 276 |
| An underground laboratory. What for? | p. 276 |
| Conclusion | p. 277 |
| The Chernobyl accident and the RMBK reactors | p. 279 |
| The RBMK-1000 reactor | p. 279 |
| Events leading to the accident | p. 281 |
| The accident | p. 283 |
| Basics of accelerator physics | p. 284 |
| Linear accelerators | p. 285 |
| The Wideroe linear accelerator | p. 285 |
| The Alvarez or drift tube linac (DTL) | p. 287 |
| Phase stability | p. 293 |
| Beam focusing | p. 294 |
| The radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) | p. 300 |
| Cyclotrons | p. 300 |
| Superconductive solutions | p. 301 |
| Space charge limitations | p. 302 |
| Bibliography | p. 305 |
| Index | p. 313 |
| Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |
