Acoustics-A Textbook for Engineers and Physicists

List of Examples Preface 1 Descriptions of Sound1.1 Harmonic Signals1.1.1 Basic Properties1.1.2 Vectorial Representation1.1.3 Complex Exponential Representation1.1.4 Operations Using Complex Exponentials1.2 Averages1.3 Metrics of Sound1.3.1 Sound Pressure Level1.3.2 Human Factors1.3.3 Frequency Bands1.4 Transfer Between Time and Frequency Domains1.4.1 Fourier Series1.4.2 Discrete Fourier Transforms1.4.3 Nyquist Sampling Criterion1.4.4 Fast Fourier Transforms1.4.5 Evaluation of Time Responses1.5 Spectral Density1.5.1 Definition1.5.2 Noise Models1.6 Homework Exercises 2 Plane Waves: Time Domain Solutions2.1 Continuum Equations in One Dimension2.1.1 Conservation of Mass2.1.2 Momentum Equation2.2 Linearization and the One-Dimensional Wave Equation2.3 Equation of State and the Speed of Sound2.4 The d'Alembert Solution2.4.1 Derivation2.4.2 Interpretation2.4.3 Harmonic Waves2.5 The Method of Wave Images2.5.1 Initial Value Problem in an Infinite Domain2.5.2 Plane Waves in a Semi-Infinite Domain2.5.3 Plane Waves in a Finite Waveguide2.6 Analogous vibratory systems2.6.1 Stretched cable2.6.2 Extensional waves in an elastic bar2.7 Closure2.8 Homework Exercises 3 Plane Waves: Frequency Domain Solutions3.1 General Solution3.2 Waveguides With Boundaries3.2.1 Impedance and Reflection Coefficients3.2.2 Evaluation of the Signal3.2.3 Modal Properties and Resonances3.2.4 Impedance Tubes3.3 Effects of Dissipation3.3.1 Viscosity3.3.2 Thermal Transport3.3.3 Molecular Relaxation3.3.4 Absorption in the Atmosphere and Ocean3.3.5 Wall Friction3.4 Acoustical Transmission Lines3.4.1 Junction Conditions3.4.2 Time Domain3.4.3 Frequency Domain Formulation for Long Segments3.5 Closure3.6 Homework Exercises 4 Principles and Equations for Multidimensional Phenomena4.1 Fundamental Equations for an Ideal Gas4.1.1 Continuity Equation4.1.2 Momentum Equation4.2 Linearization4.3 Plane Waves in Three Dimensions4.3.1 Simple Plane Wave in the Time Domain4.3.2 Trace Velocity4.3.3 Simple Plane Wave in the Frequency Domain4.4 Velocity Potential4.5 Energy Concepts and Principles4.5.1 Energy and Power4.5.2 Linearization4.5.3 Power Sources4.6 Closure<4.7 Homework Exercises 5 Interface Phenomena for Planar Waves5.1 Radiation Due to Surface Waves5.1.1 Basic Analysis5.1.2 Interpretation<5.2 Reflection from a Surface Having a Local Impedance5.2.1 Reflection from a Time Domain Perspective5.2.2 Reflection from a Frequency Domain Perspective5.3 Transmission and Reflection at an Interface Between Fluids5.3.1 Time Domain Analysis5.3.2 Frequency Domain Analysis5.4 Propagation Through Layered Media5.4.1 Basic Analysis of Three Fluids5.4.2 Multiple Layers5.5 Solid Barriers5.5.1 General Analysis5.5.2 Specific Barrier Models5.6 Homework Exercises 6 Spherical Waves and Point Sources6.1 Spherical Coordinates6.2 Radially Vibrating Sphere-Time Domain Analysis6.2.1 General Solution6.2.2 Radiation from a Uniformly Vibrating Sphere6.2.3 Acoustic Field in a Spherical Cavity6.3 Radially Vibrating Sphere-Frequency Domain Analysis6.3.1 General Solution6.3.2 Radiation from a Radially Vibrating Sphere6.3.3 Standing Waves in a Spherical Cavity6.4 Point Sources6.4.1 Single Source6.4.2 Green's Function6.4.3 Point Source Arrays6.4.4 Method of Images6.5 Dipoles, Quadrupoles, and Multipoles6.5.1 The Dipole Field6.5.2 Radiation from a Translating Rigid Sphere6.5.3 The Quadrupole Field6.5.4 Multipole Expansion6.6 Doppler Effect6.6.1 Introduction6.6.2 Moving Fluid6.6.3 Subsonic Point Source6.6.4 Supersonic Point Source6.7 Homework Exercises Appendix : Fourier TransformsA.1 DerivationA.2 Evaluation TechniquesA.2.1 Transform PairsA.2.2 Fast Fourier Transforms Index