Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
About the Authors xvii
1 Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Overview 1
1.1 Fundamental Architecture / 1
1.2 Internet Protocol Basics / 4
1.2.1 Packet Header / 5
1.2.2 Internet Protocol Address / 7
1.2.3 Internet Protocol Classification / 7
1.2.4 Subnet and its Masking / 9
1.2.5 Subnet Calculation / 11
1.3 Routing / 13
1.3.1 Routing across Providers / 14
1.3.2 Routing within Edge Networks / 15
1.3.3 Routing Scalability / 16
References / 18
2 Transport-Layer Protocols 19
2.1 Transmission Control Protocol / 19
2.1.1 Transmission Control Protocol Header Structure / 19
2.1.2 Three-Way Handshake / 20
2.1.3 Transmission Control Protocol Flow Control and Congestion Control / 21
2.1.4 Port Number / 24
2.2 User Datagram Protocol / 25
2.2.1 User Datagram Protocol Header Structure / 25
2.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol / 26
2.3.1 Stream Control Transmission Protocol Packet Structure / 26
2.3.2 Security: Prevention of SYN Attacks / 27
2.4 Real-Time Transport Protocol / 29
2.4.1 Real-Time Transport Protocol Header Structure / 29
References / 30
3 Internet Architecture 31
3.1 Internet Exchange Point / 31
3.2 History of Internet Exchange Points / 33
3.3 Internet Service Provider Interconnection Relationships / 34
3.4 Peering and Transit / 35
References / 37
4 IP Routing Protocols 39
4.1 Overview of Routing Protocols / 40
4.1.1 Interior Gateway Protocol / 41
4.1.2 Exterior Gateway Protocol / 42
4.2 Routing Information Protocol / 43
4.2.1 Routing Information Protocol Header Format / 43
4.2.2 Update of Routing Table in Routing Information Protocol / 44
4.2.3 Maintenance of Routing Table in Routing Information Protocol / 46
4.2.4 Split Horizon / 47
4.2.5 Limitations of Routing Information Protocol / 47
4.3 Open Shortest Path First / 48
4.3.1 Shortest-Path Algorithm / 48
4.3.2 Hierarchical Routing / 51
4.3.3 Open Shortest Path First Packet Format / 51
4.3.4 Comparison of Routing Information Protocol and Open Shortest Path First / 52
4.4 Border Gateway Protocol / 53
4.4.1 Border Gateway Protocol Message Flows / 53
4.4.2 Border Gateway Protocol Policy Selection Attributes / 54
References / 57
5 Multiprotocol Label Switching 59
5.1 Overview / 59
5.2 Functions and Mechanisms / 63
5.3 Applicabilities / 67
References / 72
6 IP Quality Of Service 75
6.1 Introduction / 75
6.2 Quality of Service in IP Version 4 / 75
6.3 Integrated Services / 77
6.3.1 Packet Scheduler / 77
6.3.2 Packet Classifier / 77
6.3.3 Admission Control / 78
6.3.4 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) / 79
6.4 Differentiated Services / 81
6.5 Quality Of Service with Nested Differentiated Services Levels / 82
6.5.1 Drawbacks of Explicit Endpoint Admission Control with Path Selection / 84
6.5.2 OSPF-Based Adaptive and Flexible Quality of Service Provisioning / 85
6.5.3 Combination of Security and Quality of Service / 86
6.5.4 Path Selection Algorithm Analysis / 87
References / 90
7 IP Multicast and Anycast 93
7.1 Addressing / 93
7.1.1 Multicast Addressing / 93
7.1.2 Differences between Multicasting and Multiple Unicasting / 95
7.2 Multicast Routing / 96
7.2.1 Optimal Routing: Shortest-Path Trees / 96
7.2.2 Unicast Routing / 96
7.2.3 Multicast Routing / 96
7.3 Routing Protocols / 97
7.3.1 Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) / 98
7.3.2 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol / 99
7.3.3 Core-Based Tree (CBT) Protocol / 100
7.3.4 Protocol-Independent Multicast / 101
7.3.5 Simple Multicast Routing Protocol / 101
7.4 Anycasting / 102
7.4.1 Architectural Issues / 103
7.4.2 Anycast Addresses / 103
7.4.3 Differences between the Services Offered by IP Multicasting and IP Anycasting / 104
7.5 IPv6 Anycast Routing Protocol: Protocol-Independent Anycast—Sparse Mode / 105
References / 106
8 Layer-2 Transport over Packet 109
8.1 Draft-Martini Signaling and Encapsulation / 109
8.1.1 Functionality / 110
8.1.2 Encapsulation / 110
8.1.3 Protocol-Specific Encapsulation / 111
8.2 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol / 114
8.2.1 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol Version 3 / 115
8.2.2 Pseudowire Emulation Edge to Edge / 118
References / 121
9 Virtual Private Wired Service 123
9.1 Types of Private Wire Services / 123
9.1.1 Layer-2 Virtual Private Services: Wide Area Networks and Local Area Networks / 124
9.1.2 Virtual Private Wire Service / 126
9.1.3 Virtual Private Multicast Service / 127
9.1.4 IP-Only Layer-2 Virtual Private Network / 128
9.1.5 Internet Protocol Security / 129
9.2 Generic Routing Encapsulation / 130
9.3 Layer-2 Tunneling Protocol / 131
9.4 Layer-3 Virtual Private Network 2547bis, Virtual Router / 131
9.4.1 Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol / 133
References / 136
10 IP and Optical Networking 137
10.1 IP/Optical Network Evolution / 138
10.1.1 Where Networking Is Today / 138
10.1.2 Where Networking Is Going / 139
10.2 Challenges in Legacy Traditional IP/Optical Networks / 140
10.2.1 Proprietary Network Management Systems / 140
10.2.2 Complexity of Provisioning in Legacy IP/Optical Networks / 141
10.3 Automated Provisioning in IP/Optical Networks / 142
10.4 Control Plane Models for IP/Optical Networking / 144
10.4.1 Optical Internetworking Forum’s Optical User Network Interface: Overlay Model / 145
10.4.2 Internet EngineeringTask Force’s Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching: Peer Model / 145
10.5 Next-Generation MultiLayer Network Design Requirements / 147
10.6 Benefits and Challenges in IP/Optical Networking / 148
References / 149
11 IP Version 6 151
11.1 Addresses in IP Version 6 / 152
11.1.1 Unicast IP Addresses / 152
11.1.2 Multicast IP Addresses / 153
11.2 IP Packet Headers / 154
11.3 IP Address Resolution / 155
11.4 IP Version 6 Deployment: Drivers and Impediments / 156
11.4.1 Need for Backwards Compatibility / 157
11.4.2 Initial Deployment Drivers / 158
11.4.3 Reaching a Critical Mass / 160
References / 161
12 IP Traffic Engineering 163
12.1 Models of Traffic Demands / 163
12.2 Optimal Routing with Multiprotocol Label Switching / 165
12.2.1 Overview / 165
12.2.2 Applicability of Optimal Routing / 165
12.2.3 Network Model / 166
12.2.4 Optimal Routing Formulations with Three Models / 166
12.3 Link-Weight Optimization with Open Shortest Path First / 169
12.3.1 Overview / 169
12.3.2 Examples of Routing Control with Link Weights / 170
12.3.3 Link-Weight Setting Against Network Failure / 172
12.4 Extended Shortest-Path-Based Routing Schemes / 173
12.4.1 Smart–Open Shortest Path First / 174
12.4.2 Two-Phase Routing / 174
12.4.3 Fine Two-Phase Routing / 176
12.4.4 Features of Routing Schemes / 177
References / 177
13 IP Network Security 181
13.1 Introduction / 181
13.2 Detection of Denial-of-Service Attack / 182
13.2.1 Backscatter Analysis / 182
13.2.2 Multilevel Tree or Online Packet Statistics / 184
13.3 IP Traceback / 187
13.3.1 IP Traceback Solutions / 189
13.4 Edge Sampling Scheme / 189
13.5 Advanced Marking Scheme / 193
References / 196
14 Mobility Support for IP 197
14.1 Mobility Management Approaches / 199
14.1.1 Host Routes / 200
14.1.2 Tunneling / 201
14.1.3 Route Optimization / 203
14.2 Security Threats Related to IP Mobility / 205
14.2.1 Impersonation / 205
14.2.2 Redirection-Based Flooding / 208
14.2.3 Possible Solutions / 210
14.3 Mobility Support in IPv6 / 213
14.4 Reactive Versus Proactive Mobility Support / 218
14.5 Relation to Multihoming / 219
14.6 Protocols Supplementing Mobility / 220
14.6.1 Router and Subnet Prefix Discovery / 220
14.6.2 Movement Detection / 221
14.6.3 IP Address Configuration / 222
14.6.4 Neighbor Unreachability Detection / 223
14.6.5 Internet Control Message Protocol for IP Version 6 / 224
14.6.6 Optimizations / 224
14.6.7 Media-Independent Handover Services / 227
References / 231
Index 235
