| Foreword | p. v |
| Preface | p. vii |
| Inconsistency of Knowledge | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Levels of Knowledge Inconsistency | p. 5 |
| Knowledge Inconsistency and Integration | p. 7 |
| The Subject of this Book | p. 8 |
| The Structure of this Book | p. 9 |
| Model of Knowledge Conflict | p. 13 |
| Introduction | p. 13 |
| What is Conflict? | p. 16 |
| Conflict Representation | p. 18 |
| Basic Notions | p. 18 |
| Definition of Knowledge Conflict | p. 21 |
| Credibility Degree of Conflict Participants | p. 24 |
| Consistency Measure for Conflict Profiles | p. 24 |
| Notion of Conflict Profile Consistency | p. 24 |
| Postulates for Consistency Functions | p. 26 |
| Analysis of Postulates | p. 32 |
| Consistency Functions | p. 38 |
| Reflecting Weights in Consistency Measure | p. 43 |
| Practical Aspect of Consistency Measures | p. 44 |
| Conclusions | p. 46 |
| Consensus as a Tool for Conflict Solving | p. 47 |
| Introduction | p. 47 |
| Consensus Theory - A Case Study | p. 48 |
| An Overview | p. 48 |
| Consensus versus Conflicts | p. 52 |
| Consensus Functions | p. 55 |
| Definition of Consensus Function | p. 55 |
| Postulates for Consensus Function | p. 56 |
| Analysis of Postulates | p. 59 |
| Other Consensus Choice Functions | p. 70 |
| Quality of Consensus | p. 73 |
| Susceptibility to Consensus | p. 76 |
| Criteria for Consensus Susceptibility | p. 77 |
| Consensus Susceptibility versus Consistency | p. 84 |
| Methods for Achieving Consensus Susceptibility | p. 87 |
| Profile Modification | p. 88 |
| Using Weights | p. 89 |
| Reduction of Number of Consensuses | p. 95 |
| Additional Criterion | p. 96 |
| Profile Modification | p. 98 |
| Conclusions | p. 100 |
| Model for Knowledge Integration | p. 101 |
| Introduction | p. 101 |
| A General Model for Knowledge Integration | p. 103 |
| Basis notions | p. 103 |
| Distance Functions between Attribute Values | p. 105 |
| Functions Minimizing Transformation Costs | p. 106 |
| Functions Reflecting Element Shares in the Distance | p. 108 |
| Knowledge Integration Problem | p. 113 |
| Postulates for Knowledge Integration | p. 115 |
| Algorithms for Integration | p. 120 |
| Conclusions | p. 122 |
| Processing Inconsistency on the Syntactic Level | p. 123 |
| Introduction | p. 123 |
| Conjunctive Structure of Knowledge | p. 124 |
| Basic Notions | p. 124 |
| Distance Function between Conjunctions | p. 127 |
| Integration Problem and Postulates for Consensus | p. 129 |
| Analysis of Postulates | p. 132 |
| Heuristic Algorithm for Determining Consensus | p. 141 |
| Disjunctive Structure of Knowledge | p. 145 |
| Basic Notions | p. 146 |
| Distance Function between Clauses | p. 149 |
| Integration Problem and Postulates for Consensus | p. 150 |
| Heuristic Algorithm for Consensus Determination | p. 156 |
| Fuzzy Structure of Knowledge | p. 158 |
| Basic Notions | p. 159 |
| Distance Function | p. 159 |
| Integration Problem and Algorithm for Consensus Choice | p. 161 |
| Conclusions | p. 163 |
| Processing Inconsistency on the Semantic Level | p. 165 |
| Introduction | p. 165 |
| Conjunctive Structure | p. 166 |
| Basic Notions | p. 166 |
| Conjunctions of Literals | p. 167 |
| Distance Function between Attribute Values | p. 175 |
| Inconsistency Representation | p. 176 |
| Integration Problem | p. 178 |
| Consensus Determination for Subprofiles | p. 178 |
| Disjunctive Structure | p. 185 |
| Basic Notions | p. 185 |
| Inconsistency Representation | p. 192 |
| Integration Problem and Consensus | p. 193 |
| Dependences of Attributes | p. 194 |
| Conclusions | p. 201 |
| Consensus for Fuzzy Conflict Profiles | p. 203 |
| Introduction | p. 203 |
| Basic Notions | p. 204 |
| Postulates for Consensus | p. 207 |
| Analysis of Postulates | p. 211 |
| Algorithms for Consensus Choice | p. 216 |
| Conclusions | p. 222 |
| Processing Inconsistency of Expert Knowledge | p. 223 |
| Introduction | p. 223 |
| Basic Notions | p. 226 |
| Consensus Determination Problems | p. 227 |
| The Quality Analysis | p. 232 |
| Conclusions | p. 239 |
| Ontology Integration | p. 241 |
| Introduction | p. 241 |
| Problem of Ontology Integration | p. 244 |
| Inconsistency Between Ontologies | p. 245 |
| Basic Notions | p. 245 |
| Inconsistency on the Instance Level | p. 247 |
| Inconsistency on the Concept Level | p. 248 |
| Inconsistency on the Relation Level | p. 251 |
| Some Remarks | p. 253 |
| Inconsistency Resolution and Ontology Integration | p. 253 |
| For the Instance Level | p. 253 |
| For the Concept Level | p. 254 |
| For the Relation Level | p. 258 |
| Conclusions | p. 262 |
| Application of Inconsistency Resolution Methods in Intelligent Learning Systems | p. 263 |
| Introduction | p. 263 |
| Structure of Knowledge | p. 266 |
| Basic Notions | p. 266 |
| Distance Functions between Scenarios | p. 271 |
| Learner Profile and Classification | p. 277 |
| User Data | p. 277 |
| Usage Data | p. 279 |
| Learner Classification Process | p. 279 |
| Recommendation Process | p. 281 |
| Recommendation Procedure | p. 281 |
| Algorithm for Determination of Opening Scenario | p. 283 |
| Learners Clustering Process | p. 289 |
| Rough Learner Classification Method | p. 292 |
| Pawlak's Concept | p. 292 |
| Our Concept | p. 293 |
| Basic Notions | p. 293 |
| Rough Learner Classification | p. 296 |
| Conclusions | p. 306 |
| Processing Inconsistency in Information Retrieval | p. 307 |
| Introduction | p. 307 |
| Agent Technology for Information Retrieval | p. 310 |
| A Conception for a Metasearch Engine | p. 313 |
| Knowledge Base of Searching Agents | p. 313 |
| Retrieval Process of a Searching Agent | p. 320 |
| Cooperation between Searching Agents | p. 323 |
| Recommendation Process | p. 323 |
| Recommendation without User Data | p. 325 |
| Recommendation with User Profiles | p. 326 |
| Recommendation by Query Modification | p. 328 |
| Conclusions | p. 333 |
| Conclusions | p. 335 |
| References | p. 337 |
| Index | p. 349 |
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