Advanced Router Architectures - Axel K. Kloth

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Advanced Router Architectures

By: Axel K. Kloth

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Hardcover | 1 November 2005 | Edition Number 1

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Hardcover
240 Pages

Dimensions(cm)
23.6 x 16.5 x 1.9

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Routers, switches, and transmission equipment form the backbone of the Internet, yet many users and service technicians do not understand how these nodes really work.

Advanced Router Architectures addresses how components of advanced routers work together and how they are integrated with each other. This book provides the background behind why these building blocks perform certain functions, and how the function is implemented in general use. It offers an introduction to the subject matter that is intended to trigger deeper interest from the reader. The book explains, for example, why traffic management may be important in certain applications, what the traffic manager does, and how it connects to the rest of the router. The author also examines the implications of the introduction or omission of a traffic manager into an advanced router. The text offers a similar analysis for other router topics such as QOS and policy enforcement, security processing (including DoS/DDoS), and more.

This book covers which mandatory and which optional building blocks can be found in an advanced router, and how these building blocks operate in conjunction to ensure that the Internet performs as expected.

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Introduction	p. 1
Conclusion	p. 5
Internet Topology Change	p. 7
Overview	p. 7
Current Status	p. 7
Traffic and Traffic Growth	p. 10
Conclusion	p. 14
The Carrier Business Model	p. 15
Overview	p. 15
Service Level Agreements (SLAs)	p. 17
The VoIP Business Model	p. 18
Internal Corporate Accounting	p. 19
Conclusion	p. 20
Advanced Routers in Central Office Applications	p. 21
Overview	p. 21
Central Office (CO) Colocation	p. 21
Conclusion	p. 25
Function Split	p. 27
Overview	p. 27
Traditional System Partitioning and Function Split	p. 30
Functions within the Port Card	p. 31
Functions within the Processor Card	p. 31
Functions within the Switch Card	p. 32
Functions within the OAM&P Card	p. 32
Conclusion	p. 33
High Availability	p. 35
Overview	p. 35
Definition	p. 35
Implications	p. 35
Network View of Redundancy and Failsafe Operation	p. 39
Example	p. 41
Design Life Time and Single Point of Failure Impact	p. 44
Definition of Availability	p. 44
1+1 Redundancy	p. 45
1:1 Redundancy	p. 46
2 out of 3 (or N out of N+1) Redundancy	p. 47
Redundant Switch Fabric Cards	p. 48
Redundant Line Cards	p. 50
Redundant Links	p. 52
Redundant Power Supplies	p. 55
Software Robustness	p. 56
OAM&P Control over Redundant Subsystems	p. 58
Timed Switchover	p. 58
Switchover on Demand	p. 59
Reducing Human Error Probability	p. 59
Conclusion	p. 60
The Chassis	p. 61
Overview	p. 61
Single-board versus Modular Designs	p. 62
Modular Designs	p. 62
Power Supply Considerations	p. 68
Single-board Designs	p. 70
Midplane Designs	p. 71
The Card Cage	p. 73
Power Supply Unit	p. 75
Fan Trays	p. 75
Backplane Designs	p. 76
The Card Cage	p. 76
Power Supply Unit	p. 78
Fan Trays	p. 78
Conclusion	p. 79
Line Cards	p. 81
Overview	p. 81
Line Card Functions in IPv6 Routers	p. 81
Definitions	p. 87
Definition of a Line Card	p. 87
Definition of a Port Card	p. 87
Definition of a Processor Card	p. 87
Functional Requirements	p. 88
Data Loss and Higher Layers	p. 103
Distribution of Traffic	p. 108
Traffic Manager Functions versus Queue Manager Functions	p. 110
Ingress-side Traffic Management	p. 111
Further Impact of Advanced Router Architectures	p. 117
Line Cards as Server NICs	p. 117
Scalability	p. 117
Differentiation of Functions	p. 118
Line Card Implementation in Single-board Designs	p. 119
Line Card Implementation in Midplane Designs	p. 119
Line Card Implementation in Backplane Designs	p. 120
Line Card Messaging and Communications	p. 122
Internal Line Card to Line Card Communication	p. 123
Internal Line Card to Switch Fabric Communication	p. 124
Line Card to Switch Fabric Queue Manager Communication	p. 124
Line Card to External Resources Communication	p. 125
Interior and Exterior Border Gateway Protocols	p. 125
Line Card Functions for PSTN Internetworking	p. 126
Port Card Functions	p. 126
Definitions	p. 127
Network Processor and Traffic Manager Software Implications	p. 127
Local Control Processors for Line or Processor Cards	p. 128
Compute Efficiency	p. 129
Conclusion	p. 130
Switch Fabric Cards	p. 133
Overview	p. 133
Functional Requirements for an Advanced Router's Core	p. 133
History of Router-internal Interconnects	p. 134
Basics	p. 136
Externally Controlled Switches	p. 140
The Scheduling Challenge	p. 141
Crosspoint Switches and Crossbar Switches	p. 141
Self-routing Switches	p. 141
LCI	p. 142
Shared Memory Switches	p. 143
Non-buffered, Non-queued Switch Fabrics	p. 143
Buffered and Queued Switch Fabrics	p. 143
Combined Virtually Output Queued (CVOQ) Switch Fabrics	p. 144
Cleaner and Easier Logical and Functional Partitioning	p. 144
Easier Routing of Traces on the Backplane	p. 145
Higher Throughput of the Switch Fabric	p. 145
Less Incremental Cost for Upgrades	p. 146
Metrics of Switch Fabrics	p. 146
Net Bit Rate or Link Rate Utilization (Minimum, Maximum, Average)	p. 147
Throughput (Total and on a per-Link Basis)	p. 148
System Availability (Minimum)	p. 148
System Uptime (Minimum)	p. 150
Reliability (Error Rate)	p. 151
Logical Connection Setup Time (Minimum, Maximum, Average)	p. 151
Logical Connection Teardown Time (Minimum, Maximum, Average)	p. 151
Delay and Latency	p. 152
Round-Trip Delay (Minimum, Maximum, Average)	p. 153
Cell Delay Variation (CDV) (Minimum, Maximum, Average)	p. 153
Scalability	p. 154
Field Upgradability	p. 156
Resource Utilization on the Network Processor	p. 156
Cost Structure	p. 157
Feasibility	p. 157
Performance Extension	p. 158
Blocking Multi-stage Switches	p. 158
Non-blocking Multi-stage Switches	p. 159
Bit Slicing	p. 159
Cell Slicing	p. 159
Load Sharing across N Planes	p. 160
Master/Slave or "Performance Extension Architectures"	p. 161
Alternative Solutions	p. 162
"Pay-as-you-grow Solutions"	p. 163
The "Switchless Switch"	p. 163
Multicast and Broadcast	p. 168
Bandwidth Overprovisioning	p. 168
Traffic Manager Functions versus Queue Manager Functions	p. 169
Switch Fabric Queue Manager	p. 169
Deterministic Behavior	p. 170
Switch Fabric I/O	p. 170
Software Function Set in Local Switch Fabric Control	p. 172
Conclusion	p. 175
Operation, Administration, Maintenance and Provisioning	p. 177
Overview	p. 177
Definition of OAM&P	p. 178
Functions of the OAM&P entity	p. 179
Operational Statuses	p. 181
Status Transitions	p. 182
Example 1 for Status Transitions	p. 182
Example 2 for Status Transitions	p. 183
Relationship with NMC	p. 183
Implementation	p. 184
Fail-safe and Fault-tolerant OAM&P Entity Operation	p. 185
OAM&P Entity Internal Communication	p. 185
Software Implications	p. 186
Encryption for NMC-to-OAM&P Traffic	p. 189
Examples of Failure Modes of Managed Entities	p. 190
The Necessity for the Device-Global View	p. 192
Sample OAM&P Card Schematic	p. 193
Conclusion	p. 194
Glossary	p. 195
References	p. 213
Index	p. 215
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Advanced Router Architectures

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

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