Contributors | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Pathogens in Biosolids | |
Biosolids: A Historical Perspective and Current Outlook | p. 2 |
The Nature of Wastewater (Sewage) | p. 3 |
Wastewater (Sewage) Treatment | p. 4 |
Class A Versus Class B Biosolids | p. 4 |
Removal of Pathogens by Sewage Treatment Processes | p. 6 |
Pathogens of Concern in Class B Biosolids | p. 8 |
Bacteria | p. 8 |
Enteric Viruses | p. 15 |
Protozoan Pathogens | p. 18 |
Helminths | p. 19 |
Other Biological Concerns in Biosolids | p. 21 |
Pathogen Transport and Survival in Soil, Water, and Air | p. 25 |
Exposure via Soil and Groundwater | p. 25 |
Exposure via Air | p. 27 |
Risk-Based Evaluation of the Potential Hazards Posed by Pathogens in Biosolids | p. 29 |
On-Site Exposure from Land-Applied Biosolids | p. 29 |
On-Site Exposure to Workers via Bioaerosols Generated During Land Application of Biosolids | p. 30 |
Off-Site Exposure of Bioaerosols to Residents in Communities Close to Land Application Sites | p. 31 |
Public Perceptions of Land Application of Biosolids with Respect to Pathogens | p. 32 |
Future Research Needs | p. 33 |
References | p. 34 |
Advances in Crop Water Management Using Capacitive Water Sensors | |
Introduction | p. 44 |
Capacitance Soil Water Content Measuring Systems | p. 45 |
Principle of Operation | p. 45 |
Equipment Design | p. 47 |
Installation | p. 49 |
Data Logging and Displaying | p. 51 |
Calibration | p. 53 |
Application of Capacitance as Water Management Devices: Irrigation Scheduling for Different Crops | p. 57 |
Determination of Soil Water Physical Properties | p. 62 |
Field Soil Water Storage | p. 62 |
Field Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity | p. 64 |
Spatial and Temporal Distributions of Soil Physical Properties | p. 66 |
Use of MCP to Calculate Different Field Water Cycle Components | p. 66 |
Plant Water Use | p. 66 |
Drainage Below the Root Zone | p. 68 |
Effective Rainfall | p. 68 |
Effect of Fluctuation of Soil Temperature and Soil Salinity on the Performance of MCP | p. 70 |
Conclusions | p. 72 |
Acknowledgments | p. 72 |
References | p. 73 |
Synchrotron Radiation Infrared Spectromicroscopy: A Noninvasive Chemical Probe for Monitoring Biogeochemical Processes | |
Introduction | p. 80 |
SR-FTIR Spectromicroscopy | p. 83 |
Background | p. 83 |
Synchrotron IR Light Sources | p. 87 |
Synchrotron IR Spectromicroscopy of Biogeochemical Systems | p. 90 |
Biogeochemical Processes Measured by SR-FTIR Spectromicroscopy | p. 95 |
Instrumentation | p. 95 |
Spectral Analysis | p. 97 |
Application Examples | p. 98 |
Future Possibilities and Requirements | p. 110 |
Acknowledgments | p. 111 |
References | p. 111 |
Development and Testing of "On-Farm" Seed Priming | |
Introduction | p. 130 |
The Problem | p. 131 |
Inadequate Crop Stands | p. 131 |
Factors Affecting Crop Establishment | p. 132 |
Simple Ways to Improve Crop Establishment | p. 134 |
Seed Quality | p. 134 |
Timely Sowing | p. 134 |
Depth of Sowing | p. 135 |
Dry Planting | p. 137 |
Transplanting Seedlings | p. 137 |
Seed Priming | p. 138 |
"On-Farm" Seed Priming | p. 139 |
In Vitro Investigations of Rate and Extent of Germination | p. 141 |
In Vitro Emergence and Early Seedling Growth | p. 144 |
Research Station Studies | p. 150 |
On-Farm Studies | p. 155 |
Added Value: Improved Crop Nutrition | p. 162 |
Added Value: Increased Pest and Disease Resistance | p. 166 |
Conclusions | p. 167 |
References | p. 169 |
Thermodynamic Modeling of Metal Adsorption onto Bacterial Cell Walls: Current Challenges | |
Introduction | p. 180 |
Mechanistic Studies of Cell Wall Adsorption | p. 181 |
Partitioning Relationships Versus Surface Complexation Modeling | p. 181 |
Constraints on Bacterial Cell Wall-Protonation Reactions | p. 183 |
Constraints on Mechanisms of Metal Adsorption onto Bacteria | p. 188 |
Challenges in Applying Surface Complexation Models to Real Systems | p. 192 |
Concluding Remarks | p. 195 |
Acknowledgments | p. 197 |
References | p. 198 |
Alfalfa Winter Hardiness: A Research Retrospective and Integrated Perspective | |
Introduction | p. 204 |
Morphological and Developmental Bases of Winter Survival | p. 205 |
Crown Depth, Root Morphology, and Winter Survival | p. 205 |
Fall Dormancy and the Acquisition of Freezing Tolerance | p. 207 |
Impact of Environmental Factors on Alfalfa-Freezing Tolerance | p. 211 |
Molecular Bases of Winter Survival: Current Understanding and Emerging Concepts | p. 217 |
Tolerance to Freeze-Induced Desiccation and Cold Hardiness of Alfalfa | p. 217 |
Cold-Induced Accumulation of Cryoprotective Sugars | p. 218 |
Amino Acids | p. 222 |
Modification of Gene Expression at Low Temperature | p. 224 |
The Genetic Bases of Cold Adaptation in Alfalfa | p. 234 |
Genetic Variability for Freezing Tolerance | p. 234 |
Conventional Genetic Selection for Improved Winter Hardiness and Freezing Tolerance | p. 236 |
Marker-Assisted Selection | p. 242 |
Conceptual Approach to the Genetic Control of Freezing Tolerance in Alfalfa | p. 248 |
References | p. 250 |
Projecting Yield and Utilization Potential of Switchgrass as an Energy Crop | |
Introduction | p. 268 |
Projecting Yield Gains in Switchgrass Relative to Maize | p. 270 |
Breeding History of Maize | p. 270 |
Breeding Gains with Perennial Grasses Including Switchgrass | p. 272 |
Potential Yields of Maize and Switchgrass | p. 274 |
Whole Plant Production in Maize and Switchgrass | p. 277 |
Projecting Switchgrass Performance in Time and Space with the ALMANAC Model | p. 279 |
Physiological and Ecological Traits of Switchgrass | p. 279 |
Parametrization of the ALMANAC Model | p. 280 |
Simulated Yields from ALMANAC Versus Actual Yields Within the Region | p. 281 |
Assessing Economic Impacts of Widespread Deployment of Switchgrass in a National Bioenergy Program | p. 285 |
Conclusions | p. 292 |
Acknowledgments | p. 293 |
References | p. 294 |
Index | p. 299 |
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