| Contributors | p. ix |
| Preface | p. xi |
| Roy Lester Whistler 1912-2010 | |
| Per Johan Garegg 1933-2008 | |
| Structure and Engineering of Celluloses | |
| Introduction | p. 26 |
| Cellulose in Its Cell-Wall Environment | p. 28 |
| Conformations and Crystalline Structures of Cellulose | p. 33 |
| Chemical Structure of the Cellulose Macromolecule | p. 33 |
| Crystallinity and Polymorphism of Cellulose | p. 40 |
| Crystalline Structures of Native Celluloses | p. 41 |
| Cellulose II | p. 48 |
| Cellulose III | p. 52 |
| Cellulose IV | p. 53 |
| Alkali Cellulose and Other Solvent Complexes | p. 53 |
| Cellulose Acetate and Cellulose Derivatives | p. 55 |
| Morphologies of Celluloses | p. 55 |
| Polarity of Cellulose Crystals | p. 56 |
| Crystalline Morphology of Native Celluloses | p. 57 |
| Whiskers and Cellulose Microfibrils | p. 58 |
| Surface Features of Cellulose | p. 62 |
| Microfibril Organization | p. 65 |
| Chemistry and Topochemistry of Cellulose | p. 66 |
| Conditions for the Reactions of Cellulose | p. 66 |
| Main Reactions Sites in Cellulose | p. 69 |
| Etherification Reactions of Cellulose | p. 72 |
| Acylation Reactions of Cellulose | p. 73 |
| Deoxygenation of Cellulose | p. 74 |
| Topochemistry of Cellulose | p. 75 |
| Enzymatic Alterations and Modifications of Cellulose Fibers | p. 81 |
| Tomorrow's Goal: An Economy Based on Cellulose | p. 84 |
| Cellulose-Synthetic Polymer Composites | p. 85 |
| Protective Films | p. 89 |
| Cellulose-Cellulose Composites | p. 91 |
| Conclusions | p. 98 |
| Acknowledgments | p. 100 |
| References | p. 100 |
| Chemical Structure Analysis of Starch and Cellulose Derivatives | |
| Introduction | p. 118 |
| History | p. 118 |
| Polysaccharide Derivatives as Functional Polymers of Renewable Resources | p. 119 |
| Chemical Modification of (1→4)-Glucans | p. 121 |
| Cellulose | p. 121 |
| Starch | p. 125 |
| Kinetically Controlled Reactions | p. 127 |
| Thermodynamically Controlled Reactions | p. 131 |
| Structural Complexity of Glucan Derivatives | p. 132 |
| Structure Analysis of (1→4)-Glucan Derivatives | p. 144 |
| Average Degree of Substitution | p. 144 |
| Monomer Composition: Substituent Distribution in the Glucose Residue | p. 150 |
| Distribution of Monomer Residues along the Polymer Chain | p. 159 |
| Heterogeneities in the Bulk Material | p. 180 |
| Summary and Perspectives for the Future | p. 183 |
| Acknowledgment | p. 184 |
| References | p. 184 |
| Glyconanoparticles: Polyvalent Tools to Study Carbohydrate-based Interactions | |
| Introduction | p. 212 |
| Background | p. 212 |
| Glyconanoparticles and Glyconanotechnology | p. 217 |
| Glyconanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Types | p. 218 |
| Noble-Metal Glyconanoparticles | p. 219 |
| Magnetic GNPs | p. 239 |
| Glyco Quantum Dots | p. 245 |
| Applications of GNPs | p. 250 |
| GNPs in Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Interaction Studies | p. 251 |
| GNPs in Carbohydrate-Protein Interactions | p. 254 |
| Other Interaction Studies | p. 258 |
| Glyconanoparticles as Antiadhesion Agents | p. 260 |
| GNPs in Cellular and Molecular Imaging | p. 264 |
| Other Applications of GNPs | p. 269 |
| Future and Perspectives | p. 269 |
| References | p. 270 |
| 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-fructose ("Fructosamine") and its Derivatives | |
| Introduction | p. 292 |
| Historical Perspective | p. 292 |
| Nomenclature | p. 293 |
| Methods of Formation | p. 294 |
| Non-Enzymatic | p. 295 |
| Enzymatic | p. 313 |
| Structure and Reactivity | p. 316 |
| Tautomers in the Solid State and Solutions | p. 316 |
| Analytical Methods | p. 322 |
| Acid/Base- and Metal-Promoted Reactions | p. 327 |
| Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions | p. 338 |
| Fructosamines as Intermediates and Scaffolds | p. 343 |
| The Maillard Reaction in Foods and in vivo | p. 344 |
| Neoglycoconjugates | p. 349 |
| Synthons | p. 351 |
| Biological Functions and Therapeutic Potential | p. 354 |
| Endogenous Fructosamines in Plants and Animals | p. 354 |
| Fructosamines as Potential Pharma- and Nutra-ceuticals | p. 358 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 366 |
| References | p. 367 |
| Sialidases in Vertebrates: A Family of Enzymes Tailored for Several Cell Functions | |
| Introduction | p. 405 |
| The Lysosomal Sialidase NEU1 | p. 406 |
| Background | p. 406 |
| Lysosomal Routing and Formation of the Multienzyme Complex | p. 409 |
| Human NEU1 Deficiency | p. 411 |
| New Functions of NEU1 in Tissue Remodeling and Homeostasis | p. 413 |
| Mouse Model of NEU1 Deficiency and Study of Disease Pathogenesis | p. 418 |
| The Cytosolic Sialidase NEU2 | p. 422 |
| General Properties of NEU2 | p. 422 |
| Crystal Structure of Human Sialidase NEU2 | p. 423 |
| Functional Implication of NEU2 | p. 425 |
| The Plasma Membrane-Associated Sialidase NEU3 | p. 429 |
| General Properties of NEU3 | p. 429 |
| Functional Implication of NEU3 | p. 431 |
| The Particulate Sialidase NEU4 | p. 435 |
| General Properties of NEU4 | p. 435 |
| Functional Implication of NEU4 | p. 436 |
| Sialidases and Cancer | p. 438 |
| Sialidases and Immunity | p. 439 |
| Further Evidence for Possible Functional Implications of Sialidases | p. 442 |
| in silico Analysis of Sialidase Gene Expression Patterns | p. 444 |
| Amino Acid Sequence Variants in Human Sialidases | p. 448 |
| Sialidases in Teleosts | p. 449 |
| Trans-Sialidases: What Distinguishes Them from Sialidases? | p. 452 |
| Final Remarks | p. 459 |
| References | p. 460 |
| Author Index | p. 481 |
| Subject Index | p. 529 |
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