List of Contributors xv
Preface xix
1 The History, Physical Properties, and Energy-Related Applications of Aerogels 1
Ai Du and Chengbin Wu
1.1 Definition and History of the Aerogels 1
1.2 The Physics Properties of the Aerogels 5
1.3 Energy-Related Aerogel Applications 16
1.4 Prospects 19
References 21
2 Aerogels and Their Composites in Energy Generation and Conversion Devices 38
Juno A. Rose, Aruchamy Kanakaraj, and Nataraj Sanna Kotrappanavar
2.1 Introduction to Aerogels 38
2.2 Strategies for Development of Aerogel Materials 40
2.3 Chemistry and Mechanisms of Aerogels Formation 44
2.4 Drying Techniques 46
2.5 Properties and Characterization 48
2.6 Applications of Aerogel in Energy Storage and Energy Saving 48
2.7 Summary and Future Prospects 57
Acknowledgments 57
References 58
3 Metal Aerogels for Energy Storage and Conversion 61
Ran Du
3.1 Introduction of Metal Aerogels 61
3.2 Characterizations 63
3.3 Synthesis Methodologies 65
3.4 Energy-Related Applications 77
3.5 Conclusions 86
References 86
4 Aerogels Using Polymer Composites 90
Wei Fan, Jin Tian, and Tianxi Liu
4.1 Introduction 90
4.2 Preparation of Polymer-Based Aerogels 92
4.3 Several Common Polymer Aerogels and Their Composites 98
4.4 Applications of Polymer Aerogel Composites 108
4.5 Conclusions and Outlook 119
References 120
5 Epoxide Related Aerogels; Sol-Gel Synthesis, Property Studies and Energy Applications 128
Mahmoud Khalil and Houssam El-Rassy
5.1 Overview of Epoxide Aerogels 128
5.2 Synthesis and Drying Technique 130
5.3 Epoxide-assisted Aerogels 139
5.4 Aerogels Properties and Characterization 145
5.5 Some Applications and Examples 158
5.6 Summary 161
References 161
6 CNT-Based Aerogels and Their Applications 169
Zili Li and Zhiqun Lin
6.1 Introduction 169
6.2 The Fundamental Principle of Preparing CNT-based Aerogels 170
6.3 Strategies for Preparation of CNT-based Aerogels 171
6.4 Applications 180
6.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 189
References 189
7 Silica-Based Aerogels for Building Transparent Components 197
Cinzia Buratti, Elisa Belloni, Francesca Merli, Costanza Vittoria Fiorini, Piergiovanni Domenighini, and Michele Zinzi
7.1 Introduction 197
7.2 Silica Aerogels Production 197
7.3 Silica Aerogel Properties 204
7.4 Energy Performance of Silica Aerogels in Buildings 216
7.5 Applications 226
7.6 Conclusions 228
7.7 Outlook 229
References 230
8 Inorganic Aerogels and Their Composites for Thermal Insulation in White Goods 237
Özge Payanda Konuk, Orçun Yucel, and Can Erkey
8.1 Introduction 237
8.2 Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Aerogels 245
8.3 Inorganic Aerogels and Their Composites in White Goods 254
8.4 Conclusions 261
References 261
9 Natural Polymer-Based Aerogels for Filtration Applications 267
Mahaveer A. Halakarni, M. Manohara Halanur, and Sanna Kotrappanavar Nataraj
9.1 Introduction 267
9.2 Material Option for the Preparation of Aerogel 269
9.3 Application of Aerogels in Water Purification 271
9.4 Conclusion and Future Prospect 282
Acknowledgments 282
References 282
10 Organic and Carbon Aerogels 291
Marina Schwan and Barbara Milow
10.1 Introduction 291
10.2 Overview on Organic Aerogels 293
10.3 Application of Organic Aerogels for Energy Saving 305
10.4 Overview on Organic-based Carbon Aerogels 308
10.5 Applications of Organic-Based Carbon Aerogels for Energy Saving and Storage 313
10.6 Summary and Outlook 319
References 319
11 Carbonaceous Aerogels for Fuel Cells and Supercapacitors 331
Meryem Samanc? and Ay?e Bayrakçeken Yurtcan
11.1 Introduction 331
11.2 Carbonaceous Materials 332
11.3 Carbonaceous Aerogels 335
11.4 Fuel Cells 342
11.5 Supercapacitors 351
11.6 Conclusions 373
References 374
12 Aerogels for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production 386
Arun Prasad Murthy
12.1 Introduction 386
12.2 Application of Aerogels in Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 389
12.3 Application of Aerogels in Oxygen Evolution Reaction 395
12.4 Application of Aerogels for Overall Water Splitting 399
12.5 Concluding Remarks 402
References 403
13 Clay-Based Aerogel Composites 407
Basim Abu-Jdayil, Bilkis Ajiwokewu, Safa Ahmed, and Saheed Busura
13.1 Introduction 407
13.2 Synthesis Techniques of Clay Aerogels Composites 410
13.3 Properties of Clay Aerogels 411
13.4 Enhancement Techniques of Clay Aerogels 418
13.5 Applications and Integration Techniques of Clay Aerogel Composites 424
13.6 Economy and Limitations of Clay Aerogel and Composites 424
13.7 Future Direction of Research 425
13.8 Conclusions 426
References 426
14 Hybrid Aerogels for Energy Saving Applications 430
Nilay Gizli and Selay Sert Çok
14.1 Introduction 430
14.2 Silica-Based Hybrid Aerogels 431
14.3 Thermal Properties of Hybrid Aerogels 437
14.4 Hybrid Aerogels in Energy Saving Applications 440
14.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 440
References 441
15 Porous Graphene-Based Aerogels for Batteries 447
Maryam Hasanpour and Mohammad Hatami
Graphic Abstract 447
15.1 Introduction 448
15.2 Preparation and Synthesized Method for Graphene-Based Aerogel 448
15.3 Application of Graphene-Based Aerogels (GBAs) for Energy Storage Devices 449
15.4 Conclusions 466
References 466
16 Theoretical Modeling of the Thermal and Mechanical Structure-Property Relationships in Aerogels 473
Ameya Rege and Barbara Milow
16.1 Introduction 473
16.2 Modeling the Thermal Structure-Property Relationships of Aerogels 474
16.3 Modeling the Mechanical Structure-Property Relationships of Aerogels 481
16.4 Outlook 490
References 491
17 Aerogels in Energy: State of Art and New Challenges 497
Golnoosh Abdeali and Ahmad Reza Bahramian
17.1 Introduction 497
17.2 Aerogel in Thermal and Electrical Energy 497
17.3 Methodology for Energy Performance Analysis 509
17.4 Conclusions 513
Acknowledgments 513
References 514
Index 517
