Airborne Pulsed Doppler Radar

By: Guy V. Morris, Linda Harkness (Revised by), Linda L. Harkness

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Hardcover | 1 January 1996 | Edition Number 2

At a Glance

Hardcover
532 Pages

Edition Type
Revised

Dimensions(cm)
24.13 x 16.51 x 3.18

Hardcover

$431.75

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This second edition of Airborne Pulsed Doppler Radar brings you up-to-date on new radar technologies since 1987 -- plus those likely to appear in the next five years. The book provides valuable insight into specific issues unique to airborne systems and contains the most extensive treatment of the medium-PRF waveform for more accurate performance analysis. Complete with nearly 250 illustrations and 290 equations, the book provides the background you need to:

- Plan and predict the outcome of test programs

- Evaluate proposals for new radar systems or upgrades

- Analyze the performance of airborne radars in various scenarios

- Understand the capabilities and limitations of airborne systems

This book is a valuable reference for radar engineers, missile-seeker system engineers, and users of military airborne radar. It keeps you current on the fundamental principles and system design rationale for establishing radar characteristics, signal processing for target detection performance, and signal processing for tracking and system testing.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Electronics & Communications Engineering Communications Engineering & Telecommunications Radar Technology Transport Technology & Trades Aerospace & Aviation Technology Radio Technology

Preface	p. xv
Principles of Pulse-Doppler Radar	p. 1
Types of Doppler Radar	p. 1
Definitions	p. 5
Doppler Shift	p. 5
Translation to Zero Intermediate Frequency	p. 6
Doppler Ambiguities and Blind Speeds in Pulsed Radard	p. 7
Range Ambiguities and Blind Ranges in Pulsed Radars	p. 9
Fast Fourier Transform	p. 10
Coherence	p. 10
Spectra and Waveforms of Stationary CW Radar	p. 14
Waveforms and Spectra of Stationary High-PRF Radar	p. 14
Spectra and Waveforms of Stationary Low-PRF Radar	p. 18
Spectra and Waveforms of Stationary Medium-PRF Radar	p. 20
Effects of Platform Motion on Clutter	p. 23
CW Radar Clutter Spectrum	p. 25
High-PRF Radar Clutter Spectrum	p. 28
Low-PRF Radar Clutter Spectrum	p. 31
Medium-PRF Radar Clutter Spectrum	p. 34
Calculation of Clutter Power	p. 36
Spectral Characteristics of a Pulsed Waveform	p. 41
Continuous-Wave Signal: One Time Scale	p. 43
Single Pulse of a Carrier: Two Time Scales	p. 43
Infinite Pulse Train: Three Time Scales	p. 43
Finite Pulse Train: Four Time Scales	p. 43
Coherent Detection of a Pulsed Waveform	p. 48
Single-Channel Detection	p. 52
I/Q Detection	p. 55
Reference	p. 62
Low-PRF Mode	p. 63
Antenna Scan Patterns	p. 64
Displays	p. 66
Range Profile	p. 69
Clutter Spectra	p. 69
Low-PRF Doppler Mode	p. 72
Noncoherent Modes	p. 77
Ground Map	p. 78
Terrain Avoidance	p. 78
Air-to-Air Ranging	p. 78
Air-to-Ground Ranging	p. 79
Terrain Following	p. 81
Reference	p. 81
High-PRF Mode	p. 83
Waveform Characteristics	p. 84
Establishing the Minimum PRF	p. 86
Reducing the Effects of Eclipsing	p. 87
Velocity Search Mode	p. 93
Range-While-Search Mode	p. 95
Range Resolution	p. 97
Range Quantization	p. 98
Effect of Linear FM Ranging on Clutter	p. 98
Range-Gated High PRF	p. 98
References	p. 101
Medium-PRF Mode	p. 103
Waveform Characteristics	p. 104
Range Profile	p. 104
Doppler Profile	p. 104
Range Blind Zones	p. 107
Search Mode	p. 112
PRF Programming	p. 112
Pulse Width Diversity	p. 115
Processing	p. 115
Preventing False Detections of Side-Lobe Clutter	p. 117
Interleaved Modes	p. 119
References	p. 121
Phased-Array Pulse-Doppler Radar	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Electronic Scanning	p. 123
Principles of Implementation	p. 123
Effects on Radar Sensitivity	p. 125
Antenna Side-Lobe Suppression	p. 127
Software Functional Implementation	p. 129
Radar Resource Management	p. 129
Search	p. 132
Track	p. 134
Function Interleaving and Sensor Fusion	p. 135
Phased-Array Hardware Implementation	p. 136
Airborne Phased-Array Implementation	p. 136
Examples of Airborne Phased-Array Implementation	p. 137
Motivations for Solid-State Active Array	p. 138
Solid-State Array Technology	p. 139
Effects on Pulse-Doppler Operation	p. 142
Electronic Beam-Scanning Effects	p. 142
Spatial/Temporal Coherence	p. 144
References	p. 146
Suggested Reading	p. 284
Doppler Processing	p. 147
Moving-Target Indication	p. 148
Pulse Cancelers	p. 149
Matched Filters for Clutter Suppression	p. 152
Blind Speeds and Staggered PRFs	p. 154
MTI Figures of Merit	p. 156
Limitations to MTI Performance	p. 158
Pulse-Doppler Processing	p. 159
The Discrete Time Fourier Transform of a Moving Target	p. 159
Sampling the DTFT: The Discrete Fourier Transform	p. 162
Matched Filter and Filter Bank Interpretations of Pulse-Doppler Processing With the DFT	p. 166
Fine Doppler Estimation	p. 168
Additional Doppler Processing Issues	p. 169
Combined MTI and Pulse-Doppler Processing	p. 169
Transient Effects	p. 170
Overview of Displaced Phase Center Antenna Processing	p. 170
References	p. 172
Pulse Compression in Pulse-Doppler Radar Systems	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
Frequency Modulation Techniques	p. 179
Linear Frequency Modulation	p. 179
Stretch	p. 183
Frequency Stepping	p. 185
Phase Modulation Techniques	p. 188
Barker Codes	p. 191
Combined Barker Codes	p. 192
Pseudorandom Codes	p. 195
Golay Side-Lobe Canceling Codes	p. 197
Range Side Lobes And Weighting	p. 199
Side-Lobe Suppression for FM Waveforms	p. 199
Side-Lobe Suppression for Phase-Modulated Waveforms	p. 200
The Radar Ambiguity Function	p. 201
Summary	p. 211
References	p. 213
Synthetic-Aperture Processing	p. 215
The Synthetic-Aperture Concept	p. 217
Focused Forward-Squinted Strip-Mapping SAR Characteristics	p. 219
Geometry	p. 220
Resolution vs. Aperture Time	p. 221
Point Scatterer Signature	p. 222
Frequency Domain Interpretation of Linear FM--Deramp SAR Data	p. 224
Doppler Bandwidth	p. 225
Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Pulse Repetition Frequency	p. 227
Other Synthetic-Aperture Modes	p. 229
Doppler Beam Sharpening and Unfocused SAR	p. 229
Spotlight SAR	p. 230
Implementation of Focused SAR	p. 232
SAR Matched Filtering	p. 232
Basic Processing Algorithms	p. 234
Direct Implementation of Matched-Filter SAR Processing	p. 238
Fast Correlation Cross-Range Compression	p. 240
Cross-Range Compression by Deramp and Spectral Analysis	p. 241
Depth of Focus	p. 242
Polar Format Processing for Spotlight SAR	p. 242
Interferometric Three-Dimensional SAR	p. 243
Other Aspects of SAR Operation	p. 246
Phase Errors and Motion Compensation	p. 246
Clutter Locking and Autofocus	p. 251
Speckle Reduction	p. 251
Summary	p. 254
References	p. 254
Medium-PRF Detectability and Range Resolving	p. 257
Range-Doppler Blind Zones	p. 258
Effects of the Number of Clear PRFs	p. 260
The Effect of the Duty Cycle	p. 261
Pulse Compression	p. 264
Range Resolving	p. 264
Reference	p. 271
Selection of the Medium PRFs	p. 273
Major-Minor PRF Selection Method	p. 273
Selection of the First Major PRF	p. 274
Selection of the First Set of Minor PRFs	p. 275
Selection of the Second Major PRF Set	p. 275
Selection of the Third Major PRF Set	p. 276
M:N PRF Selection Method	p. 277
Other PRF Selection and Ambiguity Resolution Methods	p. 279
Blind Zone Charts	p. 279
Comparison of M:N With Major-Minor	p. 281
Dwell Time Allocation	p. 281
References	p. 284
Suggested Reading	p. 284
Tracking Techniques	p. 285
Fundamentals of Angle Tracking	p. 286
Amplitude Comparison	p. 286
Phase Comparison	p. 286
Monopulse	p. 289
Clutter and Multipath Interference	p. 292
Fundamentals of Range Tracking	p. 294
Doppler Tracking	p. 294
CW Radar	p. 298
High-PRF Pulse Doppler	p. 303
Range-Gated Pulse Doppler	p. 304
Velocity Ambiguities	p. 306
Demodulation of Angle Errors	p. 307
Monopulse	p. 307
Conical Scan and Lobe-on-Receive	p. 308
Clutter Considerations	p. 309
High-PRF Radar	p. 309
Medium- and Low-PRF Radar	p. 311
Control of Doppler Blind Zones	p. 314
Control of Range Blind Zones in Medium-PRF	p. 314
Kalman and [alpha]-[beta] Trackers	p. 315
[alpha]-[beta] Tracker	p. 316
Extension to Kalman Filter Notation	p. 317
Compensation for Own-Vehicle Motion	p. 319
References	p. 322
Target Detection by Airborne Radars	p. 323
Mechanization of Target Detection	p. 323
Operational Considerations	p. 323
Implementation of Detection Processing	p. 326
Noise-Limited Target Detection	p. 329
Single-Pulse Detection	p. 329
Matched Filtering	p. 335
Extension to Pulse-Doppler Radar Detection	p. 336
The Pulse-Doppler Radar Range Equation	p. 339
Target Parameters	p. 341
Power Gain	p. 341
System Loss Factor	p. 342
System Noise Temperature	p. 346
Application of the Radar Range Equation	p. 347
Implementation of System Detection Requirements	p. 353
References	p. 354
Effects of Clutter on Detection Performance	p. 355
Introduction	p. 355
Clutter Doppler Spectrum	p. 356
Calculation of Clutter Power	p. 362
Clutter Models	p. 365
Overview of Clutter Characteristics	p. 365
Sea Clutter Model	p. 366
Land Clutter Model	p. 366
Performance Degradation Due to Transmitter Stability	p. 367
Clutter Sideband Masking	p. 367
Sources of Spurious Components	p. 368
Estimation of Subclutter Visibility	p. 372
Clutter-Limited Detection	p. 374
References	p. 375
Target Fluctuation Effects	p. 377
Complex Target RCS	p. 377
Fluctuation Models	p. 379
Fluctuation PDFs	p. 379
Extension to Pulse-Doppler Radar	p. 382
Engine Modulation	p. 382
Detection Performance Against Fluctuating Targets	p. 384
Noncoherently Integrated Returns	p. 384
Fluctuation Loss	p. 387
Cumulative Detection Performance	p. 388
Composite Detection Assessment	p. 393
References	p. 397
Automatic Detection	p. 399
Automatic Detection	p. 399
Automatic Detection Requirements	p. 399
Automatic Detection Implementation	p. 400
M:N Processing	p. 404
Cell-Averaging CFAR	p. 406
Ordered-Statistic CFAR Processing	p. 409
Other CFAR Techniques	p. 413
Distribution-Free CFAR	p. 415
Statistically Adaptive CFAR Processing	p. 415
Summary	p. 415
References	p. 416
Suggested Reading	p. 417
Fundamentals of Electronic Counter-Countermeasures	p. 419
Trends in Electronic Protection	p. 420
Fundamentals of Radar Vulnerability	p. 421
Terminology	p. 422
Overview of ECM Techniques	p. 423
Generic Radar Description	p. 429
Objectives and Effects of Electronic Countermeasures	p. 432
Analyzing the Effects of Electronic Countermeasures	p. 435
Single-Pulse Jamming-to-Signal Ratio	p. 435
Effect of Radar Signal Processing	p. 437
Generic and Robust ECCM Techniques	p. 438
Physical Basis for Robust ECCM Techniques	p. 438
Generic ECCM Techniques	p. 440
Descriptions of Significant ECCM Techniques	p. 441
Acceleration Limiting	p. 441
Adaptive Receive Polarization	p. 442
Angle Extent Estimator	p. 443
Bandwidth Expansion	p. 443
Beat Frequency Detector	p. 446
Censored (Ordered-Statistic) CFAR	p. 446
Cross-Polarization Cancellation	p. 448
Doppler-Range Rate Comparison	p. 449
Frequency Agility	p. 449
Home-on-Jam	p. 450
Leading/Trailing Edge Track	p. 450
Narrowband Doppler Noise Detector	p. 451
Narrow Pulse/Pulse Compression	p. 451
Neural Net	p. 452
Off-Boresight Tracking	p. 452
PRF Jitter	p. 452
Side-Lobe Blanking	p. 453
Side-Lobe Canceler	p. 454
Sniff	p. 455
Space Time Adaptive Processing	p. 457
Superresolution	p. 461
Velocity Guard Gates	p. 461
VGPO Reset	p. 463
VGS ECCM--Dual Frequency	p. 463
References	p. 464
Suggested Reading	p. 464
Clutter Map Computer Program	p. 465
Range-Doppler Blind Zone Map Computer Program	p. 475
Sea Clutter Model	p. 479
ECM Descriptions	p. 483
Barrage Noise	p. 483
Blinking Spot Noise	p. 483
Blinking Cooperative Doppler Noise	p. 484
Cover Pulse	p. 484
Cross-Polarization Jamming	p. 484
Gate Stealer/Terrain Bounce	p. 485
Multiple False Doppler Targets	p. 485
Narrow Band Doppler Noise	p. 485
Range Gate Pull-Off	p. 485
Terrain Bounce	p. 486
Towed Decoy	p. 486
Velocity Gate Pull-Off	p. 486
Glossary	p. 489
About the Editors	p. 493
Index	p. 495
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Airborne Pulsed Doppler Radar

At a Glance

Hardcover

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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