Foreword xix
Introduction xxi
Chapter 1: Introduction To Networking 1
Pre-Assessment 2
1 1: Before the Internet 4
ARPANET: Genesis of the Internet 4
ARPANET Challenges and the Origin of TCP/IP 6
From War Room to Boardroom: The Internet Comes of Age 8
1 2: Service Providers and Content Providers 9
1 3: Modern Internet Service Providers 13
1 4: Overview of TCP/IP 15
Understanding the TCP/IP Layers 18
Forwarding Data 21
The OSI Reference Model 27
Chapter Review 31
Post-Assessment 32
Chapter 2: The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR and 7450 ESS Components and the Command-Line Interface 37
Pre-Assessment 38
2 1 The Alcatel-Lucent 7750 Service Router Family 40
The Alcatel-Lucent 7450 Ethernet Service Switch Group 42
Control Plane versus Data Plane 44
Physical Components of the Alcatel-Lucent 7750 SR and 7450 ESS Series 45
How Packets Are Processed by the IOM 47
Basic Bootup Components 48
System Initialization Process 50
The Boot Options 51
2 2 Command-Line Interface 54
Provisioning the Alcatel-Lucent SR/ESS Systems 58
Using Logs and Alarms 62
Practice Lab: Alcatel-Lucent 7750/7450 Hardware and the CLI 66
Lab Section 2 1: First Contact 66
Lab Section 2 2: What Is the Router Doing? Getting Help and Information 69
Lab Section 2 3: Saving Configuration Changes 75
Chapter Review 78
Post-Assessment 79
Chapter 3: Data Link Overview 83
Pre-Assessment 84
3 1 OSI Layer 2 Overview 86
Types of Data Link Layer Protocols 87
Scope of the Data Link Layer 88
3 2 Layer 2 Protocols: PPP, ATM, and Time Division Multiplexing 90
PPP: The Point-to-Point Protocol 90
Circuit-Switching and ATM 93
Time Division Multiplexing 97
Broadcast and Shared Access Data Links 98
3 3 Ethernet Overview 100
Ethernet Addressing and Operations 106
Ethernet Transmission—CSMA/CD 109
Ethernet Physical Standards 114
Practice Lab: Configuring IOMs, MDAs, and Ports 116
Lab Section 3 1: A Full Deck of Cards 117
Lab Section 3 2: An MDA for Every Need 120
Lab Section 3 3: All Ports Up to L2 Ethernet 123
Chapter Review 126
Post-Assessment 127
Chapter 4: Switched Networks, Spanning Tree, and VLANs 131
Pre-Assessment 132
4 1 Ethernet Devices: Hubs and Switches 134
4 2 Ethernet Switching Operations 136
4 3 Ethernet Link Redundancy: LAG 139
LAG Configuration 140
4 4 Ethernet Path Redundancy: STP 143
Using STP to Prevent Loops 146
4 5 Virtual LANs 154
Chapter Review 163
Post-Assessment 165
Chapter 5: IP Addressing 169
Pre-Assessment 170
5 1 Interconnecting Networks 172
The Need for Layer 3 172
How Layer 3 Functions 173
5 2 The IP Header 177
IP Header Fields 178
5 3 IP Addressing 180
Class-Based IP Addressing 184
Private IP Addressing 189
Types of IP Addresses 189
5 4 IP Subnetting 192
Identifying an IP Subnet 193
IP Subnet Address Planning 197
IP Subnets and VLSM Examples 202
Subnet Creation Exercises 207
Answers to Subnet Questions 209
5 5 CIDR and Route Aggregation—The End of Classful IP Addressing 211
CIDR versus VLSM 215
Practice Lab: IP Addressing and Routing 218
Lab Section 5 1: IP Addressing with Enterprise Customers 219
Lab Section 5 2: IP Addressing with P, PE, and CE Routers 221
Lab Section 5 3: Layer 3 Interfaces 224
Chapter Review 231
Post-Assessment 232
Chapter 6: IP Forwarding and Services 237
Pre-Assessment 238
6 1 The IP Forwarding Process 240
6 2 Typical IP Configurations 243
NAT and PAT 246
Dhcp 249
6 3 Additional IP-Related Services 252
Icmp 252
Arp 254
6 4 IP Filtering 260
Practice Lab: ICMP and ARP 267
Lab Section 6 1: Testing for ICMP and ARP 268
Chapter Review 273
Post-Assessment 274
Chapter 7: Transport Layer Services—TCP and UDP 279
Pre-Assessment 280
7 1 Understanding the Transport Layer 282
7 2 Transport Control Protocol (TCP) 284
The TCP Header 286
Establishing a TCP Connection—The Three-Way Handshake 289
TCP Reliable Data Transfer 290
TCP Flow Control 293
TCP Operation 295
Congestion Control in TCP 297
7 3 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 300
Capabilities of UDP 301
The UDP Header 302
UDP Similarities with TCP 303
7 4 Port Numbers and Sockets 304
Chapter Review 306
Post-Assessment 308
Chapter 8: Introduction to IP Routing 313
Pre-Assessment 314
8 1 IP Routing Concepts and Purposes 316
IGPs and EGPs 317
IP Forwarding Using the Routing Table 318
Building a Routing Table 322
IP Forwarding Details 325
Selecting Routes from Multiple Routing Protocols 328
8 2 Static and Default Routes 331
8 3 Dynamic Routing Protocols 334
Practice Lab: Introduction to IP Routing 340
Lab Section 8 1: Static Routes 341
Lab Section 8 2: Default Routes and Router Logic 345
Chapter Review 350
Post-Assessment 351
Chapter 9: Ospf 355
Pre-Assessment 356
9 1 Introduction to OSPF 358
The Shortest Path First Algorithm 359
Additional OSPF Features 360
9 2 Router IDs and Their Function 361
OSPF Point-to-Point Adjacencies 362
Forming an OSPF Adjacency 364
OSPF Commands 367
9 3 Link State Updates and Flooding 375
OSPF Metrics and SPF Calculation 379
Practice Lab: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 381
Lab Section 9 1: Single Area OSPF 382
Chapter Review 387
Post-Assessment 388
Chapter 10: Bgp 393
Pre-Assessment 394
10 1 Interior and Exterior Gateway Protocols 396
10 2 Autonomous Systems 398
10 3 History and Features of BGP 400
10 4 BGP Metrics 403
10 5 When to Use BGP 405
10 6 Packet Details and Operation 406
BGP Update Processing 407
10 7 BGP Case Studies 408
Use Case I 408
Use Case II 410
Use Case III 411
Practice Lab: BGP Routing 412
Lab Section 10 1: External BGP Routing 413
Lab Section 10 2: Internal BGP Routing 417
Chapter Review 421
Post-Assessment 423
Chapter 11: MPLS and VPN Services 427
Pre-Assessment 428
11 1 Services Overview 430
The Building Blocks of MPLS and VPN Services 431
Understanding VPN Services 433
Understanding MPLS 435
Understanding LDP 437
11 2 MPLS in Detail 440
11 3 VPN Services in Detail 443
Vpws 444
Vpls 445
Vprn 447
Practice Lab: Services 449
Lab Section 11 1: Services Framework 450
Lab Section 11 2: VPLS Example 457
Chapter Review 464
Post-Assessment 465
Appendix A: Chapter Assessment Questions and Answers 469
Assessment Questions 470
Chapter 1 470
Chapter 2 473
Chapter 3 476
Chapter 4 479
Chapter 5 483
Chapter 6 487
Chapter 7 490
Chapter 8 493
Chapter 9 497
Chapter 10 500
Chapter 11 503
Answers to Assessment Questions 506
Chapter 1 506
Chapter 2 507
Chapter 3 509
Chapter 4 510
Chapter 5 512
Chapter 6 514
Chapter 7 516
Chapter 8 517
Chapter 9 519
Chapter 10 520
Chapter 11 522
Appendix B: Lab Exercises and Solutions 525
Chapter 2: Alcatel-Lucent 7750/7450 Hardware and the Command Line Interface 526
Lab Section 2 1: First Contact 526
Lab Section 2 2: What Is the Router Doing? Getting Help and Information 529
Lab Section 2 3: Saving Configuration Changes 534
Chapter 3: Configuring IOMs, MDAs, and Ports 538
Lab Section 3 1: A Full Deck of Cards 539
Lab Section 3 2: An MDA for Every Need 542
Lab Section 3 3: All Ports Up to L2 Ethernet 545
Chapter 5: IP Addressing and Routing 548
Lab Section 5 1: IP Addressing with Enterprise Customers 548
Lab Section 5 2: IP Addressing with P, PE, and CE Routers 550
Lab Section 5 3: Layer 3 Interfaces 554
Chapter 6: ICMP and ARP 560
Lab Section 6 1: Testing for ICMP and ARP 560
Chapter 8: Introduction to IP Routing 565
Lab Section 8 1: Static Routes 566
Lab Section 8 2: Default Routes and Router Logic 569
Chapter 9: Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 574
Lab Section 9 1: Single Area OSPF 574
Chapter 10: BGP Routing 580
Lab Section 10 1: External BGP Routing 581
Lab Section 10 2: Internal BGP Routing 585
Chapter 11: Services 590
Lab Section 11 1: Services Framework 591
Lab Section 11 2: VPLS Example 599
Solutions 606
Lab Section 2 1 Exercises 606
Lab Section 2 2 Exercises 606
Lab Section 2 3 Exercises 608
Lab Section 3 1 Exercises 609
Lab Section 3 2 Exercises 610
Lab Section 3 3 Exercises 611
Lab Section 5 1 Exercises 613
Lab Section 5 2 Exercises 613
Lab Section 5 3 Exercises 615
Lab Section 6 1 Exercises 618
Lab Section 8 1 Exercises 620
Lab Section 8 2 Exercises 623
Lab Section 9 1 Exercises 625
Lab Section 10 1 Exercises 628
Lab Section 10 2 Exercises 629
Lab Section 11 1 Exercises 638
Lab Section 11 2 Exercises 639
Glossary 649
Index 675
