| Preface | p. ix |
| Notes on the text | p. xi |
| Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
| Abbreviations | p. xv |
| Standard parameters and symbols | p. xvi |
| Units and their symbols | p. xviii |
| SI prefixes | p. xix |
| Approximate values of commonly used measures | p. xx |
| Turbulence, heat and waves | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Reynolds' experiment | p. 3 |
| Joule's experiment | p. 5 |
| The surf zone: waves and turbulence | p. 8 |
| The nature of turbulent flow | p. 13 |
| Stirring + diffusion = mixing | p. 13 |
| Entrainment and detrainment | p. 15 |
| Shear, convergence and strain | p. 18 |
| Ocean stratitication and buoyancy | p. 19 |
| Density | p. 19 |
| Buoyancy, and the buoyancy frequency, N | p. 22 |
| The oceanic density profile | p. 23 |
| Consequences of stratification | p. 25 |
| Internal waves and turbulent motion | p. 25 |
| Isopycnal and diapycnal mixing | p. 28 |
| Suggested further reading | p. 32 |
| Further study | p. 32 |
| Problems for Chapter 1 | p. 33 |
| Measurement of ocean turbulence | p. 37 |
| Characteristics of turbulence | p. 37 |
| Structure | p. 37 |
| Stress and flux | p. 39 |
| Dissipation | p. 39 |
| Transport by eddies | p. 39 |
| Reynolds stress | p. 39 |
| Heat and buoyancy flux | p. 42 |
| Energetics | p. 43 |
| Turbulent dissipation, [epsilon], and isotropy | p. 43 |
| The range and observed variation of [epsilon] | p. 45 |
| The rate of loss of temperature variance, [subscript XT] | p. 47 |
| The Kolmogorov length scale, l[subscript Kappa] | p. 48 |
| The turbulence cascade and the structure of turbulence | p. 49 |
| The Taylor hypothesis and the spectrum of turbulent energy | p. 51 |
| The terms in the energy balance equation | p. 54 |
| The rate of production of turbulent kinetic energy by the mean flow | p. 56 |
| The turbulent potential energy | p. 56 |
| The rate of dissipation | p. 59 |
| Measurement techniques and instruments | p. 59 |
| The first measurements of turbulence: spectra | p. 60 |
| The air-foil probe: the measurement of [epsilon] | p. 60 |
| First measurements of Reynolds stress, and the related dissipation per unit area | p. 67 |
| Estimates of Reynolds stress and [epsilon] using an ADCP | p. 71 |
| Suggested further reading | p. 73 |
| Further study | p. 74 |
| Problems for Chapter 2 | p. 75 |
| Turbulence in oceanic boundary layers | p. 77 |
| Introduction: processes, and types of boundary layers | p. 77 |
| Convection in the absence of shear | p. 81 |
| Convection below a cooled surface or over a heated seabed | p. 81 |
| Buoyant plumes and entrainment | p. 83 |
| Stress and no convection; the law of the wall | p. 85 |
| Stress and buoyancy flux | p. 87 |
| The Monin-Obukov length scale | p. 87 |
| Diurnal and seasonal heat cycling of the mixed layer | p. 89 |
| Other mixing processes in the upper ocean | p. 95 |
| The benthic (or bottom) boundary layer | p. 100 |
| Tidal mixing and straining in shallow seas | p. 102 |
| Suggested further reading | p. 106 |
| Further study | p. 107 |
| Problems for Chapter 3 | p. 110 |
| Turbulence in the ocean pycnocline | p. 116 |
| Introduction | p. 116 |
| Processes of turbulence generation | p. 116 |
| The first observations of turbulence in the thermocline | p. 117 |
| Shear-flow instability and the transition to turbulence | p. 119 |
| The Richardson number in the ocean | p. 125 |
| Further turbulence parameters derived from microstructure measurements | p. 129 |
| Estimation of [epsilon] | p. 129 |
| Estimation of eddy diffusion coefficients | p. 131 |
| R[subscript f] and the ratio of the eddy coefficients of mass and momentum | p. 133 |
| Entrainment into the surface mixed layer | p. 135 |
| Observations of mid-water mixing processes | p. 135 |
| The rate of diapycnal mixing | p. 139 |
| Double diffusive convection | p. 144 |
| Suggested further reading | p. 149 |
| Further study | p. 150 |
| Problems for Chapter 4 | p. 152 |
| Turbulent dispersion | p. 158 |
| Introduction | p. 158 |
| The properties of dispersants | p. 158 |
| Appropriate measures | p. 163 |
| Effects of relative eddy and patch sizes | p. 164 |
| The dispersion of particles | p. 168 |
| Autocorrelation and integral scales | p. 168 |
| Richardson's four-thirds power law | p. 170 |
| Dispersion of pairs of particles | p. 171 |
| Effects of closed vertical circulations on buoyant particles | p. 171 |
| Observations of the dispersion of floats | p. 174 |
| Surface floats | p. 174 |
| Subsurface floats | p. 179 |
| The dispersion of solutes: methods and observations | p. 180 |
| Dispersion (or horizontal diffusion) of a solute | p. 180 |
| Dye releases in the surface boundary layer | p. 180 |
| Tracer releases in the pycnocline | p. 182 |
| Natural and anthropogenic tracers | p. 187 |
| Suggested further reading | p. 189 |
| Further study | p. 190 |
| Problems for Chapter 5 | p. 192 |
| The energetics of ocean mixing | p. 197 |
| Introduction | p. 197 |
| How much energy is required to mix the abyssal ocean? | p. 199 |
| The tides | p. 200 |
| The surface or barotropic tides | p. 200 |
| The internal or baroclinic tides | p. 201 |
| The atmospheric input of energy through the sea surface | p. 204 |
| The wind stress | p. 204 |
| Surface waves | p. 205 |
| Buoyancy flux | p. 207 |
| The mean circulation and mesoscale eddies | p. 208 |
| Internal waves | p. 209 |
| Dissipation produced by bottom stress | p. 210 |
| Flow through and around abyssal topography | p. 210 |
| Geothermal heat flux | p. 216 |
| Discussion | p. 217 |
| Suggested further reading | p. 218 |
| Further study | p. 219 |
| Problems for Chapter 6 | p. 220 |
| References | p. 225 |
| Index | p. 235 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
