1 Introduction.- 1.1 History and Nomenclature.- 1.2 Anorthosite Classification.- 1.3 The Anorthosite Problem.- 1.4 General Structure of this Volume.- 2 Archean Megacrystic Anorthosites.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 General Features and Distribution.- 2.3 Geologic Environment.- 2.4 Form and Structure.- 2.5 Magmatic Textures and Structures.- 2.6 Megacryst-Bearing Mafic Dikes, Sills, and Flows.- 2.7 Metamorphic Textures and Structures.- 2.8 Mineralogy and Petrography.- 2.8.1 Plagioclase.- 2.8.2 Mafic Minerals.- 2.9 Chemical Composition.- 2.9.1 Major Element Chemistry.- 2.9.2 Trace Element Chemistry.- 2.9.3 Estimates of Bulk Compositions.- 2.10 Ore Deposits and Metallogeny.- 2.10.1 Fe-Ti Oxide Concentrations.- 2.10.2 Chromite Concentrations.- 2.10.3 Sulfide Mineralization.- 2.11 Ages and Isotopic Compositions.- 2.11.1 Direct Age Determinations of Archean Anorthosites.- 2.11.2 Isotopic Initial Ratios and Implications.- 2.12 Descriptions of Anorthosite Occurrences.- 2.12.1 Canada (Superior Province).- 2.12.1.1 The Bad Vermilion Lake Complex, Ontario.- 2.12.1.2 The Shawmere Complex, Ontario.- 2.12.1.3 The Bell River and Dore Lake Complexes, Quebec.- 2.12.1.4 Big Trout Lake, Ontario.- 2.12.1.5 Bird River Area, Manitoba.- 2.12.1.6 Upper Nelson River Area, Manitoba.- 2.12.2 Canada (Churchill Province).- 2.12.3 Canada (Labrador).- 2.12.4 Greenland.- 2.12.4.1 The Fiskensset Complex.- 2.12.4.2 Other Archean Anorthosites in Greenland.- 2.12.5 Scotland.- 2.12.6 U.S.S.R.- 2.12.6.1 Kola Peninsula.- 2.12.6.2 Anabar Shield.- 2.12.7 India.- 2.12.7.1 The Chimalpahad Complex.- 2.12.7.2 The Sittampundi and Bhavani Complexes.- 2.12.8 Africa.- 2.12.8.1 The Messina Complex, Limpopo Mobile Belt.- 2.12.8.2 Anorthosites of the Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa.- 2.12.8.3 Other Archean Anorthosites in Africa.- 2.12.9 Madagascar.- 2.12.10 Australia.- 2.12.11 South America.- 2.12.12 Antarctica.- 2.13 Origin of Archean Megacrystic Anorthosites.- 2.13.1 Early Ideas.- 2.13.2 A Multiplicity of Analogs.- 2.13.3 Parental and Primary Magmas.- 2.13.4 Emplacement as Mushes?.- 2.13.5 Low-Pressure Crystallization of Plagioclase Megacrysts?.- 2.13.6 Tectonic Setting.- 2.14 Summary.- 3 Proterozoic Massif-Type Anorthosites.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.1.1 Semantics.- 3.1.2 General Characteristics.- 3.1.3 Transitional Occurrences.- 3.2 Distribution.- 3.2.1 Major Concentrations.- 3.2.2 Anorthosite Belts.- 3.3 Geologic Setting.- 3.3.1 Crustal Basement Ages.- 3.3.2 Metamorphic Grade of Country Rocks.- 3.3.3 Crustal Basement Lithologies.- 3.3.4 Depth of Emplacement.- 3.4 Form and Structure.- 3.4.1 Inferences from Geology.- 3.4.2 Inferences from Geophysics.- 3.5 Lithologies.- 3.5.1 The Anorthosite "Suite".- 3.5.2 Relative Volumes of Rock Types.- 3.5.3 Varietal Terminology.- 3.5.4 Andesine- vs. Labradorite-Type Anorthosites.- 3.6 Magmatic Features.- 3.6.1 Igneous Structures.- 3.6.1.1 Massive vs. Layered Bodies.- 3.6.1.2 Types of Igneous Layering.- 3.6.1.3 Block Structure.- 3.6.1.4 Anorthositic Dikes.- 3.6.1.5 Pillow Structures.- 3.6.2 Igneous Textures.- 3.7 Metamorphic Structures and Textures.- 3.8 Mineralogy.- 3.8.1 Plagioclase.- 3.8.1.1 Morphology and Internal Features.- 3.8.1.2 Composition.- 3.8.1.3 Metamorphic Effects.- 3.8.2 Mafic Silicates.- 3.8.2.1 Pyroxenes.- 3.8.2.2 Olivines.- 3.8.2.3 Hydrous (?) Mafic Silicates.- 3.8.3 Fe-Ti Oxides.- 3.8.4 Other Accessory Minerals.- 3.8.5 Al-Rich Pyroxene Megacrysts.- 3.8.6 Metamorphic Mineralogy and Thermobarometry.- 3.9 Chemical Composition.- 3.9.1 Major Element Chemistry.- 3.9.1.1 Anorthosite Suite.- 3.9.1.2 Gabbroic Rocks.- 3.9.1.3 Ferrodiorites and Related Rocks.- 3.9.2 Trace Element Chemistry.- 3.9.2.1 Sr and Other Trace Elements.- 3.9.2.2 Rare Earth Elements.- 3.9.3 Estimates of Bulk Composition.- 3.10 Ore Deposits and Metallogeny.- 3.10.1 Fe-Ti Oxide Ores.- 3.10.2 Building and Dimension Stone.- 3.10.3 Anorthosite as an Al Ore?.- 3.11 Associated Silicic Rocks.- 3.11.1 General Characteristics.- 3.11.2 Relationship to the Anorthosite Suite.- 3.11.3 Petrogenesis.- 3.12 Layered Intrusions Related (?) to Massif-Type Anorthosite.- 3.12.1 The Kiglapait Layered Intrusion, Labrador.- 3.12.2 The Michikamau Intrusion, Labrador.- 3.12.3 The Duluth Complex, Minnesota.- 3.12.4 The Glen Mountains Layered Complex, Oklahoma.- 3.12.5 The Bjerkreim-Sokndal Lopolith, Norway.- 3.13 Ages and Isotopic Compositions.- 3.13.1 Direct Determination of Anorthosite Ages.- 3.13.1.1 Rb-Sr.- 3.13.1.2 Sm-Nd.- 3.13.1.3 Pb-Pb.- 3.13.1.4 U-Pb.- 3.13.2 Initial Isotopic Ratios and Implications.- 3.13.2.1 Constraints on Mantle Source(s).- 3.13.2.2 Isotopic Provinciality.- 3.13.2.3 Crustal Contamination.- 3.13.2.4 Enriched Mantle?.- 3.13.2.5 Constraints on Relations between Anorthosite and Granitoid Suites.- 3.13.3 Stable Isotopes.- 3.14 Descriptions of Selected Anorthosite - Bearing Terranes.- 3.14.1 The Grenville Province.- 3.14.2 The Nain/Churchill Provinces.- 3.14.3 The Rogaland Complex, South Norway.- 3.14.4 The Eastern Ghats Belt, India.- 3.14.5 Anorthosites of Africa and Madagascar.- 3.14.5.1 The Kunene Complex, Angola/Namibia.- 3.14.5.2 The Air Massif, Niger.- 3.14.5.3 Anorthosites of Madagascar.- 3.14.6 Anorthosites of the U.S.S.R.- 3.14.6.1 Kola Peninsula.- 3.14.6.2 East European Platform.- 3.14.6.3 Aldan Shield.- 3.14.7 Anorthosites of Mongolia.- 3.15 Petrogenesis of Massif-Type Anorthosites.- 3.15.1 Early Ideas.- 3.15.1.1 Neptunism.- 3.15.1.2 "Anorthositization".- 3.15.1.3 Anatectic Residues.- 3.15.2 Parental Magmas: the Holy Grail.- 3.15.2.1 Granitoid Suite: Consanguineous or Not?.- 3.15.2.2 Anorthositic Melts?.- 3.15.2.3 Basaltic Melts?.- 3.15.3 Crystallization and Emplacement.- 3.15.3.1 Crystallization Histories.- 3.15.3.2 Polybaric Crystallization?.- 3.15.3.3 Did Plagioclase Sink or Float?.- 3.15.3.4 Emplacement as Mushes?.- 3.15.4 A Plausible Petrogenetic Model.- 3.16 Tectonic Setting: the Frontier of Anorthosite Research.- 3.16.1 An Anorthosite "Event"? No!.- 3.16.2 Convergent Plate Margin-Settings.- 3.16.2.1 Continental Collision.- 3.16.2.2 Subduction.- 3.16.3 Divergent Plate Margin-Settings.- 3.16.3.1 Rifts.- 3.16.4 Intra-Plate Settings.- 3.16.4.1 Plumes.- 3.16.4.2 Thermal Insulation by a Supercontinent.- 3.17 Summary.- 4 Anorthosites in Layered Mafic Intrusions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Stratigraphic Position of Anorthosites.- 4.3 Structural Varieties of Anorthosite.- 4.3.1 Layering.- 4.3.1.1 Thick Anorthosite Layers.- 4.3.1.2 Modally Graded and Rhythmic Layering.- 4.3.1.3 Microrhythmic ("Inch-Scale") Layering.- 4.3.2 Syn- and Post-Layering Structures.- 4.3.2.1 Trough Structures.- 4.3.2.2 Potholes.- 4.3.2.3 Cognate Xenoliths.- 4.3.2.4 Irregular Bodies.- 4.3.2.5 Anorthosite-Chromitite Relations.- 4.4 Textural Varieties of Anorthosite.- 4.5 Mineralogy.- 4.5.1 Plagioclase Composition.- 4.5.2 Cryptic Variations.- 4.5.3 Plagioclase-Mafic Silicate Relationships.- 4.6 Chemical Composition.- 4.6.1 Major Element Chemistry.- 4.6.2 Trace Element Chemistry.- 4.7 Isotopic Systematics.- 4.8 Petrogenesis.- 4.8.1 Early Ideas.- 4.8.2 Single Parental Magma Theories.- 4.8.3 Multiple Parental Magmas.- 4.8.4 Emplacement as Mushes.- 4.9 Ore Deposits and Metallogeny.- 4.9.1 Chromite.- 4.9.2 Platinum Group Elements.- 4.9.3 Fe-Ti Oxides.- 4.10 Descriptions of Some Anorthosite-Bearing Layered Mafic Intrusions.- 4.10.1 Bushveld Complex, South Africa.- 4.10.2 Stillwater Complex, Montana.- 4.10.3 Dufek Complex, Antarctica.- 4.10.4 Sept Iles Complex, Quebec.- 4.10.5 Giles Complex, Australia.- 4.11 Summary.- 5 Anorthosites of Oceanic Settings.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Anorthosites of the Ocean Basins.- 5.2.1 Sampling.- 5.2.2 Lithologies.- 5.2.3 Mineralogy.- 5.2.4 Textures.- 5.2.5 Mineral Chemistry.- 5.2.6 Geochemistry.- 5.2.7 Petrogenesis.- 5.2.8 Comparisons with Other Anorthosite Types.- 5.2.9 Summary.- 5.3 Anorthosites in Ophiolite Complexes.- 5.3.1 Introduction.- 5.3.2 Lithologies and Mineralogy.- 5.3.3 Structural Features.- 5.3.4 Petrography.- 5.3.5 Mineral Chemistry.- 5.3.6 Geochemistry.- 5.3.7 Petrogenesis.- 5.3.8 Comparison with Oceanic and Other Anorthosite Types.- 5.3.9 Summary.- 6 Anorthosite Inclusions in Other Igneous Rocks.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Cognate Inclusions.- 6.2.1 Gardar Dikes, South Greenland.- 6.2.2 Inclusions on Oceanic Islands.- 6.2.2.1 Iceland.- 6.2.2.2 Hawaii.- 6.2.3 Inclusions in Island Arcs.- 6.2.4 Inclusions in Continental Arcs.- 6.3 Xenolithic Inclusions.- 6.3.1 Beaver Bay Complex, Minnesota.- 6.3.2 Anorthosite Inclusions in Kimberlite.- 6.3.3 Grospydites.- 6.3.4 Anorthosite Inclusions in Granitoids.- 7 Extraterrestrial Anorthosites.- 7.1 Lunar Anorthosites.- 7.1.1 Introduction.- 7.1.2 Lithologies.- 7.1.2.1 Pristine vs. Nonpristine Samples.- 7.1.2.2 Lithological Classification of Lunar Highlands Samples.- 7.1.3 Textures.- 7.1.3.1 Igneous Textures?.- 7.1.3.2 Monomict Breccias.- 7.1.3.3 Dimict Breccias.- 7.1.3.4 Polymict Breccias.- 7.1.3.5 Granulitic Breccias.- 7.1.3.6 Effects of Shock Metamorphism.- 7.1.4 Mineralogy.- 7.1.5 Chemical Composition.- 7.1.5.1 Major Elements.- 7.1.5.2 Trace Elements.- 7.1.6 Ages and Isotopic Compositions.- 7.1.7 Amount and Distribution of Anorthositic Rocks in the Lunar Highlands Crust.- 7.1.7.1 Surface Variations.- 7.1.7.2 Variations with Depth.- 7.1.8 Origin of Lunar Anorthosites.- 7.1.8.1 Petrogenesis.- 7.1.8.2 Parental Magma(s).- 7.1.8.3 Crystallization from a Magma Ocean.- 7.1.8.4 Serial Magmatism ?.- 7.1.9 Comparison with Terrestrial Anorthosites.- 7.2 Anorthositic Meteorites from the Moon.- 7.2.1 Introduction.- 7.2.2 Evidence for a Lunar Origin of Anorthositic Meteorites.- 7.2.2.1 Lithology and Petrography.- 7.2.2.2 Mineralogy.- 7.2.2.3 Geochemistry.- 7.2.2.4 Ages and Isotopic Compositions.- 7.2.3 Differences Between Lunar Meteorites and Apollo Samples.- 7.2.4 Transfer of Lunar Meteorites to Earth.- 7.3 Anorthosites on the Other Terrestrial Planets?.- 7.3.1 Mercury.- 7.3.2 Venus.- 7.3.3 Mars.- 7.4 Summary.- 8 Synthesis and Summary.- 8.1 Classification and Characteristics.- 8.2 Petrogenesis.- 8.3 Timing of Anorthosite Formation.- 8.3.1 Isotope Systematics.- 8.3.2 Temporality.- 8.3.3 An Content as a Geochronometer?.- 8.4 Research Frontiers.- 8.4.1 Magma Composition.- 8.4.2 Magma Crystallization.- 8.4.3 Magma Generation.- 8.4.4 Magma Emplacement.- References.- Locality Index.
![Ready for Dessert, Revised : My Best Recipes [A Baking Book] - David Lebovitz](https://www.booktopia.com.au/covers/200/9780593836293/4633/ready-for-dessert-revised.jpg)
