Aquatic Macrophyte Risk Assessment for Pesticides

By: Christina Pickl, Veronique Poulsen, Lorraine Maltby, Jo Davies, Gertie Arts

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Hardcover | 10 November 2009 | Edition Number 1

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Hardcover
162 Pages

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24.5 x 16.7 x 1.4

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Given the essential role that primary producers play in aquatic ecosystems, it is imperative that the potential risk of pesticides to the structure and functioning of aquatic plants is adequately assessed. An integration of regulatory and research information from key specialists in the area of environmental regulation, Aquatic Macrophyte Risk Assessment for Pesticides provides a state-of-the-art guide to ecotoxicological risk assessment. Written by well-known experts in the field of aquatic risk assessment, this book is a practical reference for the assessment of the risk of pesticides with herbicidal activity to aquatic macrophytes.

The book supplies a concise, coherent, and science-based view from influential regulators, academics, and industry scientists. They address the selection of additional species, critical regulatory endpoints, and assessing the risk of plant protection products to aquatic macrophytes. They also present a clear description of key issues in macrophyte risk assessment, information on macrophyte test methods, suitable measurement endpoints, and data evaluation and interpretation.

Filled with recommendations distilled from existing regulatory experiences of aquatic macrophyte risk assessment, the book includes case studies to identify issues, data gaps, and inadequacies in study design. It also identifies improvements to risk assessment that could be implemented immediately and those for which further research is needed. An authoritative resource, the book points the way to an improved approach to aquatic macrophyte risk assessment.

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List of Figures	p. xiii
List of Tables	p. xv
About the Authors	p. xvii
Executive Summary	p. 1
Recommendations for Assessing the Risks of Herbicides and Plant Growth Regulators to Aquatic Macrophytes	p. 2
Introduction and Background	p. 5
Guidance, Recommendations, and Proposed Decision Scheme for Additional Aquatic Macrophyte Tests	p. 9
Rationale	p. 9
Tier 1: Proposed Decision Scheme for Additional Aquatic Macrophyte Tests	p. 10
Alternative Species Test at Tier 1	p. 12
Ecotoxicolbgical Endpoints for a Tier 1 Test	p. 12
Higher-Tier Risk Assessment	p. 13
Exposure Considerations	p. 13
Selection of Relevant Species	p. 14
Species Sensitivity Distributions	p. 14
Species Selection	p. 14
Endpoint Selection	p. 15
Multispecies Tests Including Microcosms and Mesocosms	p. 16
Ecological Context	p. 17
Informing Decision-Making	p. 18
Regulatory Issues Concerning Effects of Pesticides on Aquatic Macrophytes	p. 19
Why Macrophytes are Important in Regulatory Aquatic Risk Assessment	p. 19
Key Regulatory Issues	p. 20
Tier 1 Assessments	p. 20
Higher-Tier Assessments	p. 21
Communication and Knowledge Transfer	p. 24
Knowledge Gaps	p. 24
Methodologies: Strengths and Weaknesses	p. 25
What Single-Species Laboratory Tests Are Currently Available or Are Being Developed?	p. 26
Available Test Protocols	p. 26
What Are the Main Differences between Lemna and Other Macrophytes in Terms of Life-History Traits, Recovery, Experimental Variability, and Sensitivity?	p. 27
What Criteria Should Be Considered When New Test Methods Are Developed?	p. 28
Which Species and Endpoints Should Be Used in SSDs?	p. 29
What Is the Representativeness and Sensitivity of Macrophyte Species Used in Microcosm, Mesocosm, and Semi-Field Studies?	p. 30
Characterizing and Assessing Risk Using Case Studies	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
Case Study Evaluations	p. 34
AMRAP-Auxin	p. 34
Introduction	p. 34
Higher-Tier Data	p. 34
AMRAP-Phenylurea	p. 38
Introduction	p. 38
Higher-Tier Data	p. 38
AMRAP-SU	p. 41
Introduction	p. 41
Higher-Tier Data	p. 41
Reports of Workgroups and Follow-up Investigations	p. 45
Workgroup 1: Criteria for Assessing the Need for an Additional Macrophyte Test	p. 46
Introduction	p. 46
Decision-Making Criteria for Additional Macrophyte Tests at Tier 1	p. 46
Workgroup 2: Development of a Proposed Test at Method for the Rooted Aquatic Macrophyte, Myriophyllum sp	p. 47
Introduction	p. 47
Principle of the Test	p. 48
Relevant Information on the Test Substance	p. 48
Validity of the Test	p. 48
Description of the Test Method	p. 49
Test Vessels	p. 49
Selection of Species	p. 49
Sediment	p. 49
Water Medium	p. 50
Test Procedure	p. 50
Test Conditions	p. 51
Analytical Measurements of Test Substance	p. 52
Data Evaluation	p. 52
Reporting	p. 53
Appendix to Chapter 5: Nutrient Media	p. 54
Workgroup 3: Use of Additional Macrophyte Test Species: Current Experience	p. 56
Workgroup 4: Investigating the SSD Approach as a Higher-Tier Tool for Risk Assessment of Aquatic Macrophytes	p. 59
Background and Objectives	p. 59
Creation of a Database on Aquatic Macrophyte Toxicity	p. 60
Progress to Date and Way Forward	p. 62
Keynote Presentations	p. 65
Aquatic Macrophytes in Agricultural Landscapes	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Functional Role of Macrophytes	p. 65
Wetland Plants as a Component of Biodiversity	p. 65
Macrophytes as Habitat for Other Organisms	p. 66
Macrophytes as Food and Oviposition Sites	p. 67
Role of Macrophytes in Supporting Ecosystem Functions	p. 69
Patterns of Macrophyte Biodiversity in the Agricultural Landscape	p. 70
Conclusions	p. 73
Regulatory Issues with Respect to the Risk Assessment of Macrophytes	p. 75
Introduction	p. 75
First Tier	p. 76
Higher Tier	p. 77
Recovery Issues	p. 78
Field and Semi-Field Tests	p. 79
Ecological Modeling	p. 79
Linking Fate and Effects	p. 80
Critical Evaluation of Laboratory Toxicity Testing Methods with Aquatic Macrophytes	p. 80
Introduction	p. 80
Lemna sp. as a Test Species	p. 81
Rooted Macrophyte Tests and Test Requirements	p. 81
Assessment Parameters and Endpoints	p. 82
Is Lemna Representative? An Overview of SSDs	p. 82
Which Endpoint Is More Sensitive? Dependence on Pesticide Mode of Action	p. 85
Conclusion	p. 85
Critical Evaluation of (Semi-) Field Methods Using Aquatic Macrophytes	p. 86
Why Macrophytes and Microcosm and Mesocosm Toxicity Testing?	p. 86
What Mesocosm Macrophyte Toxicity Testing Methods Are Currently In Vogue?	p. 87
What Testing Approaches Do We Recommend with Macrophytes and Mesocosms?	p. 88
What Else Should We Consider in Our Mesocosm Macrophyte Studies?	p. 89
What Do We Conclude About Mesocosm Testing and Macrophytes?	p. 91
Stakeholder Opinion on Current Approaches to the Assessment of the Risk of Plant Protection Products to Aquatic Macrophytes	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
European Stakeholder Responses	p. 92
Response from the US Environmental Protection Agency: Risk Assessment for Aquatic Plants	p. 99
Conclusions	p. 99
References	p. 101
AMRAP Case Studies	p. 107
Case Study A: AMRAP-Auxin	p. 107
General Properties	p. 107
Predicted Environmental Concentrations	p. 108
Tier 1 Toxicity Data for Algae and Aquatid Plants	p. 108
Toxicity Exposure Ratios	p. 108
Higher-Tier Data: Laboratory Studies with Additional Species (Studies 2 and 3)	p. 108
Study 4: Outdoor Microcosm Study	p. 112
Case Study B: AMRAP-Phenylurea	p. 112
General Properties	p. 112
Predicted Environmental Concentrations	p. 113
Tier 1 Toxicity Data for Algae and Aquatic Plants	p. 113
Preliminary Toxicity Exposure Ratios	p. 114
Higher-tier Data	p. 114
Study 1; Laboratory Study with Myriophyllum Spicatum and Potamogeton Perfoliatus	p. 114
Study 2: Indoor Mesocosm and Elodea Nuttallii Bioassay	p. 114
Study 3: Outdoor Mesocosm Study	p. 115
Case Study C: AMRAP-SU	p. 117
General Information	p. 117
Predicted Environmental Concentrations	p. 118
Tier 1 Toxicity Data for Algae and Aquatic Plants	p. 119
Toxicity Exposure Ratios	p. 119
Higher-Tier Studies	p. 119
Study 1: Lemna Recovery Studies	p. 119
Study 2: Laboratory Study with Additional Species	p. 120
List of Workshop Participants, Workgroup Members	p. 123
List of AMRAP Workshop Sponsors	p. 125
Glossary of Terms	p. 127
Index	p. 133
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Aquatic Macrophyte Risk Assessment for Pesticides

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