Foreword | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Notations | p. xv |
Map of Arabic-Speaking Countries of Northern Africa and the Middle East | p. xvi |
An Outline of Arabic Structure | p. 1 |
General features | p. 1 |
Phonology | p. 3 |
Consonants | p. 3 |
Vowels | p. 5 |
Syllable structure | p. 6 |
Stress and pausal forms | p. 8 |
The noun | p. 9 |
Noun inflection | p. 9 |
Case and determination | p. 9 |
Gender | p. 12 |
Number | p. 12 |
Noun derivation | p. 15 |
Noun derivation by shifting vowel patterns | p. 15 |
Noun derivation by affixation | p. 18 |
The Arabic number system | p. 21 |
The verb | p. 23 |
Verbal inflection | p. 23 |
Person, gender, and number | p. 24 |
Mode | p. 25 |
Roots with C[subscript 1] = /' / or V | p. 25 |
Roots with C[subscript 2] = V or C[subscript 3] | p. 26 |
Roots with C[subscript 3] = V | p. 27 |
Verbal derivation | p. 28 |
The formation of primary verbs | p. 30 |
Derived verbs | p. 31 |
Passive verbs | p. 35 |
Non-triliteral forms | p. 36 |
Biliteral forms | p. 36 |
Quadriliteral forms: derived nouns and verbs | p. 36 |
The development of quadriliteral forms | p. 37 |
Outside the root system | p. 38 |
Monoliteral and biliteral particles | p. 39 |
Sets of particles | p. 39 |
Pronouns | p. 40 |
Personal pronouns | p. 40 |
Demonstrative and relative pronouns | p. 42 |
Syntax | p. 42 |
Parts of speech | p. 43 |
Major clause types | p. 45 |
Major types of noun phrases | p. 49 |
The role of the case and modal endings | p. 49 |
The History of Classical Arabic | p. 51 |
The Semitic family of languages | p. 51 |
The Arabic writing system | p. 54 |
Arabic literature | p. 58 |
Pre-Islamic literature and the Qur'an | p. 58 |
Umayyad literature | p. 61 |
[epsilon]Abbasid literature | p. 61 |
The Islamic sciences | p. 61 |
Belles lettres | p. 64 |
Arabic literature in decline | p. 66 |
Modern Arabic literature | p. 67 |
The influence of Arabic on other languages | p. 71 |
The Linguistic Practice of the Arabs | p. 75 |
Speech and writing in Classical Arabic | p. 75 |
The origins of Classical Arabic | p. 75 |
Classical Arabic in the Islamic Empire | p. 77 |
The modern use of Classical Arabic | p. 79 |
The modern form of Classical Arabic | p. 83 |
Simplifications and Colloquial influences | p. 84 |
Lexical development | p. 86 |
European influences on style and syntax | p. 90 |
Formal efforts at language reform | p. 92 |
Speech (and writing) in Colloquial Arabic | p. 93 |
The origins of Colloquial Arabic | p. 93 |
General trends of development in Colloquial Arabic | p. 96 |
Phonology | p. 96 |
Morphology | p. 97 |
Syntax | p. 99 |
Lexicon | p. 99 |
Summary | p. 99 |
Variation in Colloquial Arabic | p. 100 |
Contrasts between sedentary and nomadic dialects | p. 100 |
Eastern and Western Colloquial Arabic | p. 101 |
Iraqi Arabic | p. 103 |
Syrian Arabic | p. 104 |
Egyptian Arabic | p. 105 |
North African Arabic | p. 106 |
Communal dialects | p. 107 |
Influences of Classical Arabic and interdialectal influences | p. 108 |
The use of Colloquial Arabic | p. 110 |
Speech and writing in other languages | p. 112 |
Bibliography | p. 117 |
Supplemental Bibliography on Arabic Language | p. 123 |
Supplemental Bibliography on Arabic Literature | p. 125 |
Supplemental Bibliography on Colloquial Arabic | p. 125 |
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