Preface or How This Book Came Into Being xiii
Acknowledgment xv
1 Introduction -- On Resilience 1
1.1 The Multidisciplinary Challenge 2
1.2 The Concept of the System 3
1.3 The Paradox of Humans in the System 3
1.4 The Infrastructure as a System 4
1.5 The Architecture of a System 5
1.6 Disruptions 6
1.7 Adaptability 7
1.8 Culture 7
1.9 Measuring Resilience 8
1.10 The Challenges 9
1.11 Identification of Resilience Techniques 9
1.12 Evaluation of Resilience Techniques Through Case Studies 10
1.13 Evaluation of the Techniques 10
1.14 What Is a Technique? 12
1.15 How Statements of Resilience Techniques are Synthesized 13
2 Resilience Literature 15
3 Terms and Definitions 17
3.1 Objective 17
3.2 What Is an Adversity? 17
3.3 Traditional Definitions of Resilience 18
3.4 A Brief Lesson in Abstractions 18
3.5 General features 19
3.6 Glossary of Symbols and Mathematical Characters 19
4 Resilience Abstractions 29
4.1 Objective 29
4.2 What Is System Resilience? 29
4.3 Traditional Definitions of Resilience 30
4.4 Encounter 30
4.5 Abstraction Properties 30
4.6 Concrete Entities 31
5 Methodology 35
5.1 Overview of Methodology 35
5.2 Qualitative Research 35
5.3 Qualitative Interpretation of Solutions Proposed by Domain Experts 35
5.4 Qualitative Judgments of Dependencies Among Resilience Techniques 36
5.5 Qualitative Judgments of Grouping of Resilience Techniques 36
5.6 Interpretation of Historical Events 36
5.7 Objectives of System Resilience 37
6 Techniques 39
6.1 The Robustness Attribute 39
6.2 The Absorption Design Technique 39
6.3 The Physical Redundancy Design Technique 50
6.4 The Functional Redundancy Resilience Technique 57
6.5 The Drift Correction Resilience Technique 64
6.6 The Restructuring Resilience Technique 75
6.7 The Repairability Resilience Technique 83
6.8 The Human Involvement Resilience Technique 89
6.9 The Reduce Hidden Interactions Resilience Technique 98
6.10 The Distributed Capacity Technique 103
6.11 The Neutral State Technique 104
6.12 The Loose Coupling Technique 104
6.13 The Layered Defense Resilience Technique 104
6.14 The Internode Interaction Technique 113
6.15 The Complexity Technique 124
7 Case Studies 133
8 State Model 145
9 Organizational Factors 147
9.1 Loose Coupling in Organizational Systems 147
9.2 Observability Plus Decisions 147
9.3 Organizational Decision-Making 148
9.4 Informed Operator 149
10 Culture 151
10.1 The Culture Management Rule 151
10.2 The Cultural Change Rule 152
11 Executing Resilience 153
12 Governance 155
12.1 Inspecting in Quality 156
12.2 Independent Reviews 156
12.3 Governance and Culture 158
12.4 A Three-Tiered View of Technical Reviews 158
12.5 System-Level Review 159
12.6 Foreign Object Debris (FOD) 161
12.7 Responsibilities for Governance 162
12.8 Resilience Node 162
12.9 Program System Resilience Team 163
12.10 Program Management 163
13 Infrastructure 165
13.1 The Architecture of an Infrastructure System 165
13.2 Operational View 166
13.3 Organizational View 166
13.4 The Organization and Latent Conditions 167
13.5 The Integrated Product Team (IPT) Concept 168
13.6 Infrastructure Architecting 169
13.7 The Infrastructure as a System of Systems 169
13.8 Network-Based Infrastructures 171
14 Cost 173
14.1 Miracle on the Hudson 173
14.2 Space Shuttle Flights 173
14.3 New York Power Restoration 174
14.4 Summary 174
15 A Summary of Themes 175
References 180
16 A Final Word 181
16.1 The Challenges 183
Appendix A: Resilience of a Fire Protection System 185
Appendix B: Resilience of Metrolink 111 195
Appendix C: Resilience Architecting -- A Review 211
Index 243
