Series Preface | p. v |
Preface | p. vii |
List of Contributors | p. xv |
List of Acronyms | p. xxi |
Biological Considerations for an Intraocular Retinal Prosthesis | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Background | p. 2 |
Retinal Implant | p. 19 |
Summary | p. 25 |
Artificial Vision: Vision of a Newcomer | p. 31 |
Introduction | p. 31 |
Overall Research Goals of Japanese Consortium for Artificial Retina | p. 32 |
The Concept of Suprachoroidal-Transretinal Stimulation | p. 32 |
The Effectiveness of STS in Animal Model | p. 33 |
Neuroprotection by Electrical Stimulation | p. 39 |
Human Studies | |
The Effects of Visual Deprivation: Implications for Sensory Prostheses | p. 47 |
Introduction | p. 47 |
Sensory Plasticity in Adulthood: Potential Differences between Cortical Areas | p. 47 |
Compensating for a Missing Sense: After Losing a Sense there are Improvements in the Ability to Use the Remaining Senses | p. 50 |
Compensating for a Missing Sense: What is the Neural Basis? | p. 52 |
Molyneaux's Question: The Role of Experience in Maintaining Sensory Function | p. 57 |
Implications for Sensory Prostheses and Rehabilitation | p. 62 |
Prosthetic Vision Simulation in Fully and Partially Sighted Individuals | p. 71 |
Introduction | p. 71 |
Methods | p. 72 |
Results | p. 76 |
Discussion | p. 83 |
Conclusion | p. 88 |
Appendix | p. 89 |
Testing Visual Functions in Patients with Visual Prostheses | p. 91 |
Introduction | p. 91 |
Designing a Test for Visual Functions with Visual Prostheses | p. 94 |
Implementation of a New Test Battery | p. 95 |
Conclusion | p. 108 |
Engineering Applications | |
The IMI Retinal Implant System | p. 111 |
Introduction | p. 111 |
Retinal Implant Technology | p. 112 |
Preclinical Studies | p. 119 |
Clinical Study | p. 120 |
Conclusions | p. 126 |
Challenges in Realizing a Chronic High-Resolution Retinal Prosthesis | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
External Video Processing Unit | p. 132 |
Large Stimulation Voltage | p. 133 |
Stimulation Flexibility | p. 135 |
Powering of the Retinal Implant | p. 137 |
Wireless Power Transmission | p. 138 |
Wireless Data Communication | p. 143 |
Conclusions | p. 147 |
Large-scale Integration-Based Stimulus Electrodes for Retinal Prosthesis | p. 151 |
Introduction | p. 151 |
The PFM Photosensor as Subretinal Implantable Device | p. 152 |
Application of PFM Photosensor to the Stimulation of Retinal Cells | p. 159 |
Implantation of LSI-based Retinal Prosthesis Devices | p. 162 |
Summary | p. 166 |
Development of a Wireless High-Frequency Microarray Implant for Retinal Stimulation | p. 169 |
Introduction | p. 169 |
Wireless Implantable Bio-Device Interface (WIBI) | p. 172 |
Design of Retinal Prosthesis | p. 178 |
Experimental Results | p. 184 |
Conclusion | p. 185 |
Visual Prosthesis Based on Optic Nerve Stimulation with Penetrating Electrode Array | p. 187 |
Introduction | p. 187 |
Animal Experiment | p. 189 |
The Hardware Design of Visual Prosthesis | p. 197 |
Implantable Micro-Camera in Model Eye | p. 203 |
Conclusion | p. 206 |
Stimulating Electrodes | |
Dynamic Interactions of Retinal Prosthesis Electrodes with Neural Tissue and Materials Science in Electrode Design | p. 209 |
Introduction | p. 209 |
Electrochemical Reactions at the Electrode-Vitreous Interface | p. 211 |
Materials Science in Electrode Design | p. 218 |
Conclusions | p. 223 |
In Vitro Determination of Stimulus-Induced pH Changes in Visual Prostheses | p. 227 |
Introduction | p. 227 |
Experimental | p. 230 |
Results | p. 232 |
Conclusions | p. 240 |
Electrochemical Characterization of Implantable High Aspect Ratio Nanoparticle Platinum Electrodes for Neural Stimulations | p. 243 |
Introduction | p. 243 |
Experimental | p. 246 |
Results and Discussions | p. 248 |
Conclusions | p. 253 |
Modeling | |
High-Resolution Opto-Electronic Retinal Prosthesis: Physical Limitations and Design | p. 255 |
Introduction | p. 255 |
Proximity between Electrodes and Cells as a Resolution-limiting Factor | p. 259 |
Attracting Retinal Cells to Electrodes | p. 267 |
Delivery of Information and Power to the Implant | p. 269 |
Computational Modeling of Electromagnetic and Thermal Effects for a Dual-Unit Retinal Prosthesis: Inductive Telemetry, Temperature Increase, and Current Densities in the Retina | p. 279 |
Introduction | p. 280 |
Inductively Coupled Links for a Dual-Unit Retinal Prosthesis | p. 280 |
Thermal Modeling | p. 283 |
Computation of Electric Current Densities in the Retina | p. 294 |
Results | p. 301 |
Biological Response to Stimulation | |
Microstimulation with Chronically Implanted Intracortical Electrodes | p. 307 |
Introduction | p. 307 |
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System, as they Relate to a Cortical Visual Prosthesis | p. 308 |
Microelectrodes for Chronic Intracortical Microstimulation | p. 309 |
Tissues Responses to Chronically Implanted Microelectrodes | p. 311 |
Conclusions | p. 321 |
A Tissue Change After Suprachoroidal-Transretinal Stimulation with High Electrical Current in Rabbits | p. 325 |
Introduction | p. 325 |
Material and Methods | p. 326 |
Results | p. 328 |
Discussion | p. 330 |
Conclusion | p. 331 |
Electrical Stimulation of Mammalian Retinal Ganglion Cells Using Dense Arrays of Small-Diameter Electrodes | p. 333 |
Introduction | p. 333 |
Materials and Methods | p. 335 |
Results | p. 338 |
Discussion | p. 342 |
A Mechanism for Generating Precise Temporal Patterns of Activity Using Prosthetic Stimulation | p. 347 |
Introduction | p. 347 |
Methods | p. 348 |
Results | p. 349 |
Discussion | p. 353 |
Electrophysiology of Natural and Artificial Vision | p. 355 |
Introduction | p. 355 |
Electrophysiology of Natural Vision | p. 357 |
Electrophysiology of Artificial Vision | p. 366 |
Summary | p. 378 |
Index | p. 381 |
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