| Series Preface | p. v |
| Preface | p. vii |
| List of Contributors | p. xv |
| List of Acronyms | p. xxi |
| Biological Considerations for an Intraocular Retinal Prosthesis | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Background | p. 2 |
| Retinal Implant | p. 19 |
| Summary | p. 25 |
| Artificial Vision: Vision of a Newcomer | p. 31 |
| Introduction | p. 31 |
| Overall Research Goals of Japanese Consortium for Artificial Retina | p. 32 |
| The Concept of Suprachoroidal-Transretinal Stimulation | p. 32 |
| The Effectiveness of STS in Animal Model | p. 33 |
| Neuroprotection by Electrical Stimulation | p. 39 |
| Human Studies | |
| The Effects of Visual Deprivation: Implications for Sensory Prostheses | p. 47 |
| Introduction | p. 47 |
| Sensory Plasticity in Adulthood: Potential Differences between Cortical Areas | p. 47 |
| Compensating for a Missing Sense: After Losing a Sense there are Improvements in the Ability to Use the Remaining Senses | p. 50 |
| Compensating for a Missing Sense: What is the Neural Basis? | p. 52 |
| Molyneaux's Question: The Role of Experience in Maintaining Sensory Function | p. 57 |
| Implications for Sensory Prostheses and Rehabilitation | p. 62 |
| Prosthetic Vision Simulation in Fully and Partially Sighted Individuals | p. 71 |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Methods | p. 72 |
| Results | p. 76 |
| Discussion | p. 83 |
| Conclusion | p. 88 |
| Appendix | p. 89 |
| Testing Visual Functions in Patients with Visual Prostheses | p. 91 |
| Introduction | p. 91 |
| Designing a Test for Visual Functions with Visual Prostheses | p. 94 |
| Implementation of a New Test Battery | p. 95 |
| Conclusion | p. 108 |
| Engineering Applications | |
| The IMI Retinal Implant System | p. 111 |
| Introduction | p. 111 |
| Retinal Implant Technology | p. 112 |
| Preclinical Studies | p. 119 |
| Clinical Study | p. 120 |
| Conclusions | p. 126 |
| Challenges in Realizing a Chronic High-Resolution Retinal Prosthesis | p. 129 |
| Introduction | p. 129 |
| External Video Processing Unit | p. 132 |
| Large Stimulation Voltage | p. 133 |
| Stimulation Flexibility | p. 135 |
| Powering of the Retinal Implant | p. 137 |
| Wireless Power Transmission | p. 138 |
| Wireless Data Communication | p. 143 |
| Conclusions | p. 147 |
| Large-scale Integration-Based Stimulus Electrodes for Retinal Prosthesis | p. 151 |
| Introduction | p. 151 |
| The PFM Photosensor as Subretinal Implantable Device | p. 152 |
| Application of PFM Photosensor to the Stimulation of Retinal Cells | p. 159 |
| Implantation of LSI-based Retinal Prosthesis Devices | p. 162 |
| Summary | p. 166 |
| Development of a Wireless High-Frequency Microarray Implant for Retinal Stimulation | p. 169 |
| Introduction | p. 169 |
| Wireless Implantable Bio-Device Interface (WIBI) | p. 172 |
| Design of Retinal Prosthesis | p. 178 |
| Experimental Results | p. 184 |
| Conclusion | p. 185 |
| Visual Prosthesis Based on Optic Nerve Stimulation with Penetrating Electrode Array | p. 187 |
| Introduction | p. 187 |
| Animal Experiment | p. 189 |
| The Hardware Design of Visual Prosthesis | p. 197 |
| Implantable Micro-Camera in Model Eye | p. 203 |
| Conclusion | p. 206 |
| Stimulating Electrodes | |
| Dynamic Interactions of Retinal Prosthesis Electrodes with Neural Tissue and Materials Science in Electrode Design | p. 209 |
| Introduction | p. 209 |
| Electrochemical Reactions at the Electrode-Vitreous Interface | p. 211 |
| Materials Science in Electrode Design | p. 218 |
| Conclusions | p. 223 |
| In Vitro Determination of Stimulus-Induced pH Changes in Visual Prostheses | p. 227 |
| Introduction | p. 227 |
| Experimental | p. 230 |
| Results | p. 232 |
| Conclusions | p. 240 |
| Electrochemical Characterization of Implantable High Aspect Ratio Nanoparticle Platinum Electrodes for Neural Stimulations | p. 243 |
| Introduction | p. 243 |
| Experimental | p. 246 |
| Results and Discussions | p. 248 |
| Conclusions | p. 253 |
| Modeling | |
| High-Resolution Opto-Electronic Retinal Prosthesis: Physical Limitations and Design | p. 255 |
| Introduction | p. 255 |
| Proximity between Electrodes and Cells as a Resolution-limiting Factor | p. 259 |
| Attracting Retinal Cells to Electrodes | p. 267 |
| Delivery of Information and Power to the Implant | p. 269 |
| Computational Modeling of Electromagnetic and Thermal Effects for a Dual-Unit Retinal Prosthesis: Inductive Telemetry, Temperature Increase, and Current Densities in the Retina | p. 279 |
| Introduction | p. 280 |
| Inductively Coupled Links for a Dual-Unit Retinal Prosthesis | p. 280 |
| Thermal Modeling | p. 283 |
| Computation of Electric Current Densities in the Retina | p. 294 |
| Results | p. 301 |
| Biological Response to Stimulation | |
| Microstimulation with Chronically Implanted Intracortical Electrodes | p. 307 |
| Introduction | p. 307 |
| The Anatomy and Physiology of the Visual System, as they Relate to a Cortical Visual Prosthesis | p. 308 |
| Microelectrodes for Chronic Intracortical Microstimulation | p. 309 |
| Tissues Responses to Chronically Implanted Microelectrodes | p. 311 |
| Conclusions | p. 321 |
| A Tissue Change After Suprachoroidal-Transretinal Stimulation with High Electrical Current in Rabbits | p. 325 |
| Introduction | p. 325 |
| Material and Methods | p. 326 |
| Results | p. 328 |
| Discussion | p. 330 |
| Conclusion | p. 331 |
| Electrical Stimulation of Mammalian Retinal Ganglion Cells Using Dense Arrays of Small-Diameter Electrodes | p. 333 |
| Introduction | p. 333 |
| Materials and Methods | p. 335 |
| Results | p. 338 |
| Discussion | p. 342 |
| A Mechanism for Generating Precise Temporal Patterns of Activity Using Prosthetic Stimulation | p. 347 |
| Introduction | p. 347 |
| Methods | p. 348 |
| Results | p. 349 |
| Discussion | p. 353 |
| Electrophysiology of Natural and Artificial Vision | p. 355 |
| Introduction | p. 355 |
| Electrophysiology of Natural Vision | p. 357 |
| Electrophysiology of Artificial Vision | p. 366 |
| Summary | p. 378 |
| Index | p. 381 |
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