List of Contributors XV
Preface XIX
Foreword XXI
Acknowledgments XXIII
1 Primary and Secondary Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol 1
Claudio Tomasi and Angelo Lupi
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 A General Classification of Aerosol Sources 6
1.3 Primary Aerosols of Natural Origin 7
1.4 Secondary Aerosols of Natural Origin 31
1.5 Primary Anthropogenic Aerosols 48
1.6 Secondary Anthropogenic Aerosols 59
1.7 Concluding Remarks on the Global Annual Emission Fluxes of Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosol Mass 70
Abbreviations 75
List of Symbols 75
References 76
2 Aerosol Nucleation in the Terrestrial Atmosphere 87
Karine Sellegri and Julien Boulon
2.1 Introduction 87
2.2 Theoretical Basis of Nucleation and Growth of New Particles in the Atmosphere 88
2.3 Observation and Detection Tools 97
2.4 Precursor Candidates for Nucleation and Early Growth from Observations 104
2.5 Parameterizations and Chamber Experiments 105
2.6 Importance of Nucleation for the Production of Aerosols and CCN at the Global Scale 107
2.7 Conclusions 108
Abbreviations 109
List of Symbols 110
References 110
3 Coagulation, Condensation, Dry and Wet Deposition, and Cloud Droplet Formation in the Atmospheric Aerosol Life Cycle 115
Claudio Tomasi and Angelo Lupi
3.1 Introduction 115
3.2 Physical Growth Processes 120
3.3 Aerosol Removal Processes 139
3.4 Formation of Cloud Particles 161
3.5 Concluding Remarks 170
Abbreviations 175
List of Symbols 175
References 180
4 Chemical Composition of Aerosols of Different Origin 183
Stefania Gilardoni and Sandro Fuzzi
4.1 Introduction 183
4.2 Global Distribution and Climatology of the Main Aerosol Chemical Constituents 184
4.3 Size Distributions of Aerosol Chemical Compounds 196
4.4 Issues Related to Aerosol Chemical Composition 205
Abbreviations 216
List of Symbols 217
References 218
5 Aerosol Optics 223
Alexander A. Kokhanovsky
5.1 Introduction 223
5.2 Absorption 224
5.3 Scattering 229
5.4 Polarization 234
5.5 Extinction 237
5.6 Radiative Transfer 239
5.7 Image Transfer 242
Abbreviations 244
List of Symbols 244
References 245
6 Aerosol Models 247
Claudio Tomasi, Mauro Mazzola, Christian Lanconelli, and Angelo Lupi
6.1 Introduction 247
6.2 Modeling of the Optical and Microphysical Characteristics of Atmospheric Aerosol 249
6.3 General Remarks on the Aerosol Particle Number, Surface, and Volume Size-Distribution Functions 306
6.4 Size-Distribution Characteristics of Various Aerosol Types 317
6.5 Concluding Remarks 332
Abbreviations 333
List of Symbols 334
References 337
7 Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosol 341
Alexander A. Kokhanovsky, Claudio Tomasi, Boyan H. Petkov, Christian Lanconelli, Maurizio Busetto, Mauro Mazzola, Angelo Lupi, and Kwon H. Lee
7.1 Introduction 341
7.2 Ground-Based Aerosol Remote Sensing Measurements 342
7.3 Airborne Remote Sensing Measurements of Aerosol Optical Properties 380
7.4 Satellite-Borne Aerosol Remote Sensing Measurements 403
Abbreviations 422
List of Symbols 423
References 427
8 Aerosol and Climate Change: Direct and Indirect Aerosol Effects on Climate 437
Claudio Tomasi, Christian Lanconelli, Mauro Mazzola, and Angelo Lupi 8.1 Introduction 437
8.2 The Instantaneous DARF Effects at the ToA and BoA Levels and in the Atmosphere 439
8.3 The Diurnally Average DARF Induced by Various Aerosol Types over Ocean and Land Surfaces 476
8.4 Variations of DARF Efficiency as a Function of Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo 525
8.5 Concluding Remarks on the DARF Effects over the Global Scale 529
8.6 On the Indirect Aerosol Effects Acting in the Earth’s Climate System 531
Abbreviations 537
List of Symbols 538
References 541
9 Aerosol and Air Quality 553
Sandro Fuzzi, Stefania Gilardoni, Alexander A. Kokhanovsky,Walter Di Nicolantonio, Sonoyo Mukai, Itaru Sano, Makiko Nakata, Claudio Tomasi, and Christian Lanconelli
9.1 Introduction 553
9.2 Aerosol Load as Derived from Satellite-Based Measurements 560
9.3 Characterization of Mass Concentration and Optical Properties of Desert Dust in Different Areas of the Earth 577
Abbreviations 589
List of Symbols 590
References 591
10 Impact of the Airborne Particulate Matter on the Human Health 597
Marina Camatini, Maurizio Gualtieri, and Giulio Sancini
10.1 Introduction 597
10.2 Epidemiological Evidences 600
10.3 Toxicological Evidences 609
10.4 Mechanism of Effects 630
10.5 Conclusions 637
Abbreviations 638
List of Symbols 639
References 639
11 Aerosol Impact on Cultural Heritage: Deterioration Processes and Strategies for Preventive Conservation 645
Alessandra Bonazza, Paola De Nuntiis, Paolo Mandrioli, and Cristina Sabbioni
11.1 Introduction 645
11.2 Monitoring for Cultural Heritage Conservation 645
11.3 Damage and Black Crusts Formation on Building Materials 652
11.4 Bioaerosol Effects on Cultural Heritage 659
11.5 Guidelines for the Preventive Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Urban Areas 664
Abbreviations 665
List of Symbols 665
References 666
Index 671
