Preface | p. ix |
Acknowledgments | p. xi |
Basics and History of Discovery of Atmospheric Chemicals | p. 1 |
Basic Definitions | p. 2 |
History of Discovery of Elements and Compounds of Atmospheric Importance | p. 4 |
Chemical Structure and Reactivity | p. 21 |
Chemical Reactions and Photoprocesses | p. 24 |
Lifetimes of Chemicals | p. 26 |
Summary | p. 26 |
Problems | p. 26 |
The Sun, the Earth, and the Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere | p. 29 |
The Sun and Its Origin | p. 30 |
Spectra of the Radiation of the Sun and the Earth | p. 33 |
Primordial Evolution of the Earth and Its Atmosphere | p. 36 |
Summary | p. 47 |
Problems | p. 48 |
Structure and Composition of the Present-Day Atmosphere | p. 49 |
Air Pressure and Density Structure | p. 50 |
Processes Affecting Temperature | p. 52 |
Temperature Structure of the Atmosphere | p. 54 |
Equation of State | p. 58 |
Composition of the Present-Day Atmosphere | p. 62 |
Characteristics of Selected Gases and Aerosol Particle Components | p. 63 |
Summary | p. 79 |
Problems | p. 79 |
Urban Air Pollution | p. 81 |
History and Early Regulation of Urban Air Pollution | p. 82 |
Chemistry of the Background Troposphere | p. 93 |
Chemistry of Photochemical Smog | p. 99 |
Pollutant Removal | p. 111 |
Summary | p. 111 |
Problems | p. 112 |
Aerosol Particles in Smog and the Global Environment | p. 115 |
Size Distributions | p. 116 |
Sources and Compositions of New Particles | p. 118 |
Processes Affecting Particle Size | p. 128 |
Summary of the Composition of Aerosol Particles | p. 138 |
Aerosol Particle Morphology and Shape | p. 139 |
Health Effects of Aerosol Particles | p. 140 |
Summary | p. 142 |
Problems | p. 142 |
Effects of Meteorology on Air Pollution | p. 145 |
Forces | p. 146 |
Winds | p. 147 |
Global Circulation of the Atmosphere | p. 150 |
Semipermanent Pressure Systems | p. 154 |
Thermal Pressure Systems | p. 155 |
Effects of Large-Scale Pressure Systems on Air Pollution | p. 156 |
Effects of Local Meteorology on Air Pollution | p. 168 |
Summary | p. 175 |
Problems | p. 176 |
Effects of Pollution on Visibility, Ultraviolet Radiation, and Atmospheric Optics | p. 179 |
Processes Affecting Solar Radiation in the Atmosphere | p. 180 |
Visibility | p. 197 |
Colors in the Atmosphere | p. 202 |
Summary | p. 205 |
Problems | p. 206 |
Project | p. 207 |
International Regulation of Urban Smog Since the 1940s | p. 209 |
Regulation in the United States | p. 210 |
Pollution Trends and Regulations Outside the United States | p. 225 |
Summary | p. 238 |
Problems | p. 239 |
Indoor Air Pollution | p. 241 |
Pollutants in Indoor Air and Their Sources | p. 242 |
Sick Building Syndrome | p. 251 |
Regulation of Indoor Air Pollution | p. 251 |
Summary | p. 252 |
Problems | p. 252 |
Acid Deposition | p. 253 |
Historical Aspects of Acid Deposition | p. 254 |
Causes of Acidity | p. 257 |
Sulfuric Acid Deposition | p. 260 |
Nitric Acid Deposition | p. 263 |
Effects of Acid Deposition | p. 263 |
Natural and Artificial Neutralization of Lakes and Soils | p. 266 |
Recent Regulatory Control of Acid Deposition | p. 270 |
Summary | p. 271 |
Problems | p. 272 |
Global Stratospheric Ozone Reduction | p. 273 |
Structure of the Present-Day Ozone Layer | p. 274 |
Relationship between the Ozone Layer and UV Radiation | p. 277 |
Chemistry of the Natural Ozone Layer | p. 278 |
Recent Changes to the Ozone Layer | p. 283 |
Effects of Chlorine on Global Ozone Reduction | p. 286 |
Effects of Bromine on Global Ozone Reduction | p. 293 |
Regeneration Rates of Stratospheric Ozone | p. 294 |
Antarctic Ozone Depletion | p. 295 |
Effects of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on Life and Ecosystems | p. 301 |
Regulation of CFCs | p. 303 |
Summary | p. 306 |
Problems | p. 307 |
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming | p. 309 |
The Temperature on the Earth in the Absence of a Greenhouse Effect | p. 310 |
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming | p. 316 |
Recent and Historical Temperature Trends | p. 323 |
Feedbacks and Other Factors That May Affect Global Temperatures | p. 337 |
Possible Consequences of Global Warming | p. 342 |
Regulatory Control of Global Warming | p. 345 |
Summary | p. 349 |
Problems | p. 350 |
Essay Questions | p. 351 |
Conversions and Constants | p. 353 |
References | p. 355 |
Photograph Sources | p. 371 |
Index | p. 377 |
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