Atmospheric Thermodynamics 2e

1 INTRODUCTION: CONSERVATION OF ENERGY 1.1: Thermodynamics: A Science of Measurable Quantities 1.2: Conservation of Energy in Mechanics 1.3: Conservation of Energy: A System of Point Molecules 1.4: A Few Examples of Energy Conservation 1.5: Kinetic Energy Exchanges in Molecular Collisions 1.6: Working and Heating 1.7: Some Necessary Thermodynamic Concepts and Jargon 1.8: Thermodynamic Internal Energy and the First Law 2 IDEAL GAS LAW: PRESSURE AND ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE 2.1: Gas Pressure and Absolute Temperature: What Are They and What Are They Not? 2.2: Pressure Decrease with Height: Continuum Approach 2.3: Pressure Decrease with Height: Molecular Interpretation 2.4: The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution of Molecular Speeds 2.5: Intermolecular Separation, Mean Free Path, and Collision Rate 2.6: Is the Pressure Gradient a Fundamental Force of Nature? 2.7: Surface Pressure and Weight of the Atmosphere 2.8: The Atmosphere Is a Mixture of Gases: Dalton's Law 3 SPECIFIC HEATS AND ENTHALPY: ADIABATIC PROCESSES 3.1: A Critique of the Mathematics of Thermodynamics 3.2: Specific Heats and Enthalpy 3.3: Adiabatic Processes: Poisson's Relations 3.4: (Dry) Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere 3.5: Stability and Buoyancy 3.6: Specific Heats of Gas Molecules 3.7: Heat Capacities of Mixtures of Gases 3.8: Atmospheric Applications of the First Law 3.9: Chemical Reactions and Temperature Changes 3.10: Residence Time of the Internal Kinetic Energy of Earth's Atmosphere 4 ENTROPY 4.1: Entropy of an Ideal Gas 4.2: Entropy Changes of Liquids and Isotropic Solids 4.3: Atmospheric Applications of the Second Law 5 WATER AND ITS TRANSFORMATIONS 5.1: Evaporation and Condensation of Water Vapor 5.2: Measures of Water Vapor in Air 5.3: The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 5.4: van der Waals Equation of State 5.5: Phase Diagrams: Liquid-Vapor; Liquid-Solid-Vapor; Triple Point 5.6: Free Energy 5.7: Effect of Air Pressure on Saturation Vapor Pressure 5.8: Lowering of Vapor Pressure by Dissolution 5.9: Air in Water: Henry's Law 5.10: Size Dependence of Vapor Pressure: Water Droplets, Solution Droplets, and Bubbles 6 MOIST AIR AND CLOUDS 6.1: Precipitable Water in the Atmosphere 6.2: Lapse Rate of the Dew Point: Level of Cloud Formation 6.3: Density of Moist Air: Virtual Temperature 6.4: Wet-Bulb Temperature 6.5: Lapse Rate for Isentropic Ascent of a Saturated Parcel 6.6: Thermodynamic Diagrams 6.7: Stability and Cloud Formation 6.8: Mixing Clouds 6.9: Cloud Formation on Ascent and Descent 7 ENERGY, MOMENTUM, AND MASS TRANSFER 7.1: Energy Transfer by Thermal Conduction 7.2: Momentum Transfer: Viscosity 7.3: Mass Transfer: Diffusion Bibliography Index Free