| Fabrication Processes | p. 1 |
| One-Step Processes | p. 3 |
| Severe Plastic Deformation | p. 3 |
| Electrodeposition | p. 9 |
| Crystallization from an Amorphous Glass | p. 10 |
| Two-Step Processes | p. 12 |
| Nanoparticle Synthesis | p. 12 |
| Powder Consolidation | p. 22 |
| Summary | p. 25 |
| References | p. 25 |
| Structure, Mechanical Properties, and Applications of Nanocrystalline Materials | p. 29 |
| Structure | p. 29 |
| Crystallites | p. 30 |
| Grain Boundaries | p. 33 |
| Triple Junctions | p. 37 |
| Mechanical Properties | p. 37 |
| Elastic Properties | p. 39 |
| Inelastic Response | p. 42 |
| Summary | p. 50 |
| References | p. 51 |
| Bridging the Scales from the Atomistic to the Continuum | p. 53 |
| Introduction | p. 53 |
| Viscoplastic Behavior of NC Materials | p. 54 |
| Bridging the Scales from the Atomistic to the Continuum in NC: Challenging Problems | p. 58 |
| Mesoscopic Studies | p. 59 |
| Continuum Micromechanics Modeling | p. 65 |
| References | p. 75 |
| Predictive Capabilities and Limitations of Molecular Simulations | p. 81 |
| Equations of Motion | p. 82 |
| Interatomic Potentials | p. 85 |
| Lennard Jones Potential | p. 86 |
| Embedded Atom Method | p. 87 |
| Finnis-Sinclair Potential | p. 89 |
| Relation to Statistical Mechanics | p. 90 |
| Introduction to Statistical Mechanics | p. 91 |
| The Microcanonical Ensemble (NVE) | p. 93 |
| The Canonical Ensemble (NVT) | p. 95 |
| The Isobaric Isothermal Ensemble (NPT) | p. 97 |
| Molecular Dynamics Methods | p. 97 |
| Nosé Hoover Molecular Dynamics Method | p. 97 |
| Melchionna Molecular Dynamics Method | p. 100 |
| Measurable Properties and Boundary Conditions | p. 101 |
| Pressure: Virial Stress | p. 101 |
| Order: Centro-Symmetry | p. 102 |
| Boundaries Conditions | p. 102 |
| Numerical Algorithms | p. 105 |
| Velocity Verlet and Leapfrog Algorithms | p. 105 |
| Predictor-Corrector | p. 106 |
| Applications | p. 108 |
| Grain Boundary Construction | p. 108 |
| Grain Growth | p. 110 |
| Dislocation in NC Materials | p. 112 |
| Summary | p. 115 |
| References | p. 116 |
| Grain Boundary Modeling | p. 117 |
| Simple Grain Boundaries | p. 118 |
| Energy Measures and Numerical Predictions | p. 119 |
| Structure Energy Correlation | p. 121 |
| Low-Angle Grain Boundaries: Dislocation Model | p. 122 |
| Large-Angle Grain Boundaries | p. 126 |
| Applications | p. 138 |
| Elastic Deformation: Molecular Simulations and the Structural Unit Model | p. 138 |
| Plastic Deformation: Disclination Model and Dislocation Emission | p. 139 |
| Summary | p. 141 |
| References | p. 142 |
| Deformation Mechanisms in Nanocrystalline Materials | p. 143 |
| Experimental Insight | p. 143 |
| Deformation Map | p. 145 |
| Dislocation Activity | p. 147 |
| Grain Boundary Dislocation Emission | p. 151 |
| Dislocation Geometry | p. 153 |
| Atomistic Considerations | p. 154 |
| Activation Process | p. 155 |
| Stability | p. 157 |
| Deformation Twinning | p. 157 |
| Diffusion Mechanisms | p. 159 |
| Nabarro-Herring Creep | p. 161 |
| Coble Creep | p. 162 |
| Triple Junction Creep | p. 163 |
| Grain Boundary Sliding | p. 163 |
| Steady State Sliding | p. 163 |
| Grain Boundary Sliding in NC Materials | p. 165 |
| Summary | p. 167 |
| References | p. 167 |
| Predictive Capabilities and Limitations of Continuum Micromechanics | p. 169 |
| Introduction | p. 169 |
| Continuum Micromechanics: Definitions and Hypothesis | p. 170 |
| Definition of the RVE: Basic Principles | p. 171 |
| Field Equations and Averaging Procedures | p. 175 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 182 |
| Mean Field Theories and Eshelby's Solution | p. 183 |
| Eshelby's Inclusion Solution | p. 184 |
| Inhomogeneous Eshelby's Inclusion: ôConstraintö Hill's Tensor | p. 186 |
| Eshelby's Problem with Uniform Boundary Conditions | p. 188 |
| Basic Equations Resulting from Averaging Procedures | p. 190 |
| Effective Elastic Moduli for Dilute Matrix-Inclusion Composites | p. 193 |
| Method Using Equivalent Inclusion | p. 193 |
| Analytical Results for Spherical Inhomogeneities and Isotropic Materials | p. 196 |
| Direct Method Using Green's Functions | p. 199 |
| Mean Field Theories for Nondilute Inclusion-Matrix Composites | p. 201 |
| The Self-Consistent Scheme | p. 202 |
| Interpretation of the Self-Consistent | p. 206 |
| Mori-Tanaka Mean Field Theory | p. 208 |
| Multinclusion Approaches | p. 215 |
| The Composite Sphere Assemblage Model | p. 215 |
| The Generalized Self-Consistent Model of Christensen and Lo | p. 216 |
| The n +1 Phases Model of Herve and Zaoui | p. 219 |
| Variational Principles in Linear Elasticity | p. 220 |
| Variational Formulation: General Principals | p. 221 |
| Hashin-Shtrikman Variational Principles | p. 230 |
| Application: Hashin-Shtrikman Bounds for Linear Elastic Effective Properties | p. 237 |
| On Possible Extensions of Linear Micromechanics to Nonlinear Problems | p. 243 |
| The Secant Formulation | p. 246 |
| The Tangent Formulation | p. 256 |
| Illustrations in the Case of Nanocrystalline Materials | p. 272 |
| Volume Fractions of Grain and Grain-Boundary Phases | p. 273 |
| Linear Comparison Composite Material Model | p. 273 |
| Constitutive Equations of the Grains and Grain Boundary Phase | p. 277 |
| Application to a Nanocystalline Copper | p. 278 |
| References | p. 282 |
| Innovative Combinations of Atomistic and Continuum: Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials | p. 285 |
| Introduction | p. 285 |
| Surface/Interface Structures | p. 289 |
| What Is a Surface? | p. 289 |
| Dispersion, the Other A/V Relation | p. 289 |
| What Is an Interface? | p. 290 |
| Different Surface and Interface Scenarios | p. 290 |
| Surface/Interface Physics | p. 293 |
| Surface Energy | p. 294 |
| Surface Tension and Liquids | p. 295 |
| Surface Tension and Solids | p. 299 |
| Elastic Description of Free Surfaces and Interfaces | p. 300 |
| Definition of Interfacial Excess Energy | p. 301 |
| Surface Elasticity | p. 301 |
| Surface Stress and Surface Strain | p. 302 |
| Surface/Interfacial Excess Quantities Computation | p. 302 |
| On Eshelby's Nano-Inhomogeneities Problems | p. 303 |
| Background in Nano-Inclusion Problem | p. 304 |
| The Work of Sharma et al | p. 304 |
| The Work | p. 305 |
| The Work | p. 307 |
| The Work | p. 310 |
| The Work | p. 313 |
| The Work | p. 315 |
| The Work | p. 318 |
| Other Works | p. 319 |
| General Solution of Eshelby's Nano-Inhomogeneities Problem | p. 320 |
| Atomistic and Continuum Description of the Interphase | p. 320 |
| Micromechanical Framework for Coating-Inhomogeneity Problem | p. 328 |
| Numerical Simulations and Discussions | p. 336 |
| ôTö Stress Decomposition | p. 344 |
| Atomic Level Description | p. 346 |
| Strain Concentration Tensors: Spherical Isotropic Configuration | p. 347 |
| References | p. 349 |
| Innovative Combinations of Atomistic and Continuum: Plastic Deformation of Nanocrystalline Materials | p. 353 |
| Quasi-continuum Methods | p. 354 |
| Thermal Activation-Based Modeling | p. 358 |
| Higher-Order Finite Elements | p. 361 |
| Crystal Plasticity | p. 363 |
| Application via the Finite Element Method | p. 366 |
| Micromechanics | p. 370 |
| Summary | p. 377 |
| References | p. 377 |
| Subject Index | p. 379 |
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