Autonomous and Autonomic Systems

With Applications to NASA Intelligent Spacecraft Operations and Exploration Systems

By: Walt Truszkowski, Harold Hallock, Christopher Rouff

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Hardcover | 9 December 2009

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308 Pages

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24.13 x 16.51 x 1.91

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In the early 1990s, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center started researching and developing autonomous and autonomic ground and spacecraft control systems for future NASA missions. This research started by experimenting with and developing expert systems to automate ground station software and reduce the number of people needed to control a spacecraft. This was followed by research into agent-based technology to develop autonomous ground c- trol and spacecraft. Research into this area has now evolved into using the concepts of autonomic systems to make future space missions self-managing and giving them a high degree of survivability in the harsh environments in which they operate. This book describes much of the results of this research. In addition, it aimstodiscusstheneededsoftwaretomakefutureNASAspacemissionsmore completelyautonomousandautonomic.Thecoreofthesoftwareforthesenew missions has been written for other applications or is being applied gradually in current missions, or is in current development. It is intended that this book should document how NASA missions are becoming more autonomous and autonomic and should point to the way of making future missions highly - tonomous and autonomic. What is not covered is the supporting hardware of these missions or the intricate software that implements orbit and at- tude determination, on-board resource allocation, or planning and scheduling (though we refer to these technologies and give references for the interested reader).

Industry Reviews

From the reviews:

"Truszkowski (NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) and colleagues have documented how NASA missions have become and will become more autonomous and automatic. ... The authors present several top-level examples along with ... helpful flowcharts. ... A thorough glossary and nearly 200 references provide a good basis for diving into more depth with other resources. This book would be a start for someone who is developing autonomous and automatic systems. ... Summing Up: Recommended. Professional audiences." (D. B. Spencer, Choice, Vol. 47 (11), July, 2010)

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You Can Find This Book In

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Paperback

Published: 1st March 2012

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Background
Introduction	p. 3
Direction of New Space Missions	p. 5
New Millennium Program's Space Technology 5	p. 5
Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory	p. 6
Magnetospheric Multiscale	p. 7
Tracking and Data Relay Satellites	p. 8
Other Missions	p. 8
Automation vs. Autonomy vs. Autonomic Systems	p. 9
Autonomy vs. Automation	p. 9
Autonomicity vs. Autonomy	p. 10
Using Autonomy to Reduce the Cost of Missions	p. 13
Multispacecraft Missions	p. 14
Communications Delays	p. 15
Interaction of Spacecraft	p. 16
Adjustable and Mixed Autonomy	p. 17
Agent Technologies	p. 17
Software Agents	p. 19
Robotics	p. 21
Immobots or Immobile Robots	p. 23
Summary	p. 23
Overview of Flight and Ground Software	p. 25
Ground System Software	p. 25
Planning and Scheduling	p. 27
Command Loading	p. 28
Science Schedule Execution	p. 28
Science Support Activity Execution	p. 28
Onboard Engineering Support Activities	p. 28
Downlinked Data Capture	p. 29
Performance Monitoring	p. 29
Fault Diagnosis	p. 29
Fault Correction	p. 30
Downlinked Data Archiving	p. 30
Engineering Data Analysis/Calibration	p. 30
Science Data Processing/Calibration	p. 31
Flight Software	p. 31
Attitude Determination and Control, Sensor Calibration, Orbit Determination, Propulsion	p. 33
Executive and Task Management, Time Management, Command Processing, Engineering and Science Data Storage and Handling, Communications	p. 34
Electrical Power Management, Thermal Management, SI Commanding, SI Data Processing	p. 34
Data Monitoring, Fault Detection and Correction	p. 34
Safemode	p. 35
Flight vs. Ground Implementation	p. 35
Flight Autonomy Evolution	p. 37
Reasons for Flight Autonomy	p. 38
Satisfying Mission Objectives	p. 39
Satisfying Spacecraft Infrastructure Needs	p. 47
Satisfying Operations Staff Needs	p. 50
Brief History of Existing Flight Autonomy Capabilities	p. 54
1970s and Prior Spacecraft	p. 55
1980s Spacecraft	p. 57
1990s Spacecraft	p. 59
Current Spacecraft	p. 61
Flight Autonomy Capabilities of the Future	p. 63
Current Levels of Flight Automation/Autonomy	p. 66
Ground Autonomy Evolution	p. 69
Agent-Based Flight Operations Associate	p. 69
A Basic Agent Model in Afloat	p. 70
Implementation Architecture for Afloat Prototype	p. 73
The Human Computer Interface in Afloat	p. 75
Inter-Agent Corhrnunications in Afloat	p. 76
Lights Out Ground Operations System	p. 78
The LOGOS Architecture	p. 78
An Example Scenario	p. 80
Agent Concept Testbed	p. 81
Overview of the ACT Agent Architecture	p. 81
Architecture Components	p. 83
Dataflow Between Components	p. 87
ACT Operational Scenario	p. 88
Verification and Correctness	p. 90
Technology
Core technologies for Developing Autonomous and Autonomic Systems	p. 95
Plan Technologies	p. 95
Planner Overview	p. 95
Symbolic Planners	p. 98
Reactive Planners	p. 99
Model-Based Planners	p. 100
Case-Based Planners	p. 101
Schedulers	p. 103
Collaborative Languages	p. 103
Reasoning with Partial Information	p. 103
Fuzzy Logic	p. 104
Bayesian Reasoning	p. 105
Learning Technologies	p. 106
Artificial Neural Networks	p. 106
Genetic Algorithms and Programming	p. 107
Act Technologies	p. 108
Perception Technologies	p. 108
Sensing	p. 108
Image and singnal Processing	p. 109
Data Fusion	p. 109
Testing Technologies	p. 110
Software Simulation Environments	p. 110
Simulation Libraries	p. 112
Simulaton Servers	p. 113
Networked Simulation Environments	p. 113
Agent-Based Spacecraft Autonomy Design Concepts	p. 115
High Level Design Features	p. 115
Safemode	p. 116
Inertial Fixed puinting	p. 116
Ground Commanded Slewing	p. 117
Ground Commanded Thruster Firing	p. 117
Electrical Power Management	p. 118
Thermal Management	p. 118
Health and Safety Communications	p. 118
Basic Fault Detection and Correction	p. 118
Diagnostic Science Instrument Commanding	p. 119
Engineering Data Storage	p. 119
Remote Agent Functionality	p. 119
Fine Attitude Determination	p. 120
Attitude Sensor/Actuator and Science Instrument Calibration	p. 121
Attitude Control	p. 121
Orbit Maneuvering	p. 122
Data Monitoring and Trending	p. 122
"Smart" Fault Detection, Diagnosis, Isolation, and Correction	p. 123
Look-Ahead Modeling	p. 123
Target Planning and Scheduling	p. 123
Science Instrument Commanding and Configuration	p. 124
Science Instrument Data Storage and Communications	p. 124
Science Instrument Data Processing	p. 124
Spacecraft Enabling Technologies	p. 125
Modern CCD Star Trackers	p. 125
Onboard Orbit Determination	p. 125
Advanced Flight Processor	p. 126
Cheap Onboard Mass Storage Devices	p. 126
Advanced Operating System	p. 126
Decoupling of Scheduling from Communications	p. 127
Onboard Data Trending and Analysis	p. 127
Efficient Algorithms for Look-Ahead Modeling	p. 127
AI Enabling Methodologies	p. 127
Operations Enabled by Remote Agent Design	p. 128
Dynamic Schedule Adjustment Driven by Calibration Status	p. 129
Target of Opportunity Scheduling Driven by Realtime Science Observations	p. 129
Goal-Driven Target Scheduling	p. 130
Opportunistic Science and Calibration Scheduling	p. 131
Scheduling Goals Adjustment Driven by Anomaly Response	p. 131
Adaptable Scheduling Goals and Procedures	p. 132
Science Instrument Direction of Spacecraft Operation	p. 132
Beacon Mode Communication	p. 133
Resource Management	p. 134
Advantages of Remote Agent Design	p. 134
Efficiency Improvement	p. 135
Reduced FSW Development Costs	p. 137
Mission Types for Remote Agents	p. 138
LEO Celestial Pointers	p. 139
GEO Celestial Pointers	p. 141
pGEO Earth Pointers	p. 141
Survey Missions	p. 142
Lagrange Point Celestial Pointers	p. 142
Deep Space Missions	p. 144
Spacecraft Constellations	p. 144
Spacecraft as Agents	p. 145
Cooperative Autonomy	p. 147
Need for Cooperative Autonomy in Space Missions	p. 148
Quantities of Science Data	p. 148
Complexity of Scientific Instruments	p. 148
Increased Number of Spacecraft	p. 148
General Model of Cooperative Autonomy	p. 149
Autonomous Agents	p. 149
Agent Cooperation	p. 151
Cooperative Actions	p. 155
Spacecraft Mission Management	p. 156
Science Planning	p. 156
Mission Planning	p. 157
Sequence Planning	p. 158
Command Sequencer	p. 158
Science Data Processing	p. 158
Spacecraft Mission Viewed as Cooperative Autonomy	p. 158
Expanded Spacecraft Mission Model	p. 158
Analysis of Spacecraft Mission Model	p. 161
Improvements to Spacecraft Mission Execution	p. 162
An Example of Cooperative Autonomy: Virtual Platform	p. 164
Virtual Platforms Under Current Environment	p. 165
Virtual Platforms with Advanced Automation	p. 166
Examples of Cooperative Autonomy	p. 167
The Mobile Robot Laboratory at Georgia Tech	p. 169
Cooperative Distributed Problem Solving Research Group at the University of Maine	p. 169
Knowledge Sharing Effort	p. 170
Dis and Hla	p. 170
IBM Aglets	p. 171
Autonomic Systems	p. 173
Overview of Autonomic Systems	p. 173
What are Autonomic Systems?	p. 174
Autonomic Properties	p. 175
Necessary Constructs	p. 177
Evolution vs. Revolution	p. 178
Further Reading	p. 179
State of the Art Research	p. 180
Machine Design	p. 180
Prediction and Optimization	p. 180
Knowledge Capture and Representation	p. 181
Monitoring and Root-Cause Analysis	p. 181
Legacy Systems and Autonomic Environments	p. 182
Space Systems	p. 183
Agents for Autonomic Systems	p. 183
Policy-Based Management	p. 183
Related Initiatives	p. 184
Related Paradigms	p. 184
Research and Technology Transfer Issues	p. 185
Applications
Autonomy in Spacecraft constellations	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Constellations Overview	p. 190
Advantages of constellations	p. 193
Cost Savings	p. 193
Coordinated Science	p. 194
Applying Autonomy And Autonomicy to Constellations	p. 194
Ground-Based constellation Autonomy	p. 195
Space-Based Autonomy for Constellations	p. 195
Autonomicity in Constellations	p. 196
Intelligent Agents in Space Constellations	p. 198
	p. 199
Multiagent-Based Organizations for Satellites	p. 200
Grad View	p. 202
Agent Deveopment	p. 204
Ground-Based Autonomy	p. 204
Spce-Based Autonomy	p. 205
Swarms in Spce Missions	p. 207
Introduction to swarms	p. 208
Swarm Technologies at NASA	p. 209
SMART	p. 210
NASA Prospecting Asteroid Mission	p. 212
Other Space Swarm-Based Concepts	p. 214
Other Applications of Swarms	p. 215
Autonomicity in Swarm Missions	p. 216
Software Development of Swarms	p. 217
Programming Techniques and tools	p. 217
Verfication	p. 218
Future Swarm Concepts	p. 220
Concluding Remarks	p. 223
Factors Driving the Use of Autonomy and Autonomicity	p. 223
Reliability of Autonomous and Autonomic Systems	p. 224
Future Missions	p. 225
Autonomous and Autonomic Systems in Future NASA Missions	p. 228
Attitude and Orbit Determination and Control	p. 231
Operational Scenarios and Agent Interactions	p. 235
Onboard Remote Agent Interaction Scenario	p. 235
Space-to-Ground Dialog Scenario	p. 239
Ground-to-Space Dialog Scenario	p. 240
Spacecraft Constellation Interactions Scenario	p. 242
Agent-Based Satellite Constellation Control Scenario	p. 246
Scenario Issues	p. 247
Acronyms	p. 249
Glossary	p. 253
References	p. 263
Index	p. 277
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Autonomous and Autonomic Systems

With Applications to NASA Intelligent Spacecraft Operations and Exploration Systems

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

Other Editions and Formats

Paperback

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