Aviation is an important global business and a signi?cant driver of the global economy. Itisvital, therefore, thatstringentmeasuresaretakentocounteractsof unlawfulinterferencewithcivilaviation. TheConventiononInternationalCivil AviationsignedatChicagoon7December1944, statesinitsPreamblethatwhereas thedevelopmentofcivilaviationmayhelppreservefriendshipandunderstanding amongthepeopleoftheworld, yet, itsabusecouldbecomeathreattogeneral security. Thegenealogyoftheterm Terrorism liesinLatinterminologymeaning to causetotremble (terrere). Sincethecatastrophiceventsof11September2001, we have seen stringent legal measures taken by the United States to attack terrorism, notjustcurbit. Thefamousphrase waronterror denotespre-emptive andpreventivestrikescarriedoutthroughapplicableprovisionsoflegitimately adoptedprovisionsoflegislation. TheearliestexampleistheAirTransportation Safety and System Stabilization Act (ATSAA)enactedbyPresidentBushless thantwomonthsafterthe9/11attacks. Then, twomonthsaftertheattacks, in November2001, CongresspassedtheAviationandTransportationSecurityAct (ATSA)withaviewtoimprovingsecurityandclosingthesecurityloopholes whichexistedonthatfatefuldayinSeptember2001. Thelegislationpavedthe wayforahugefederalbodycalledtheTransportationSecurityAdministration (TSA) which was established within the Department of Transportation. The HomelandSecurityActof2002whichfollowedeffectedasigni?cantreorga- zationoftheFederalGovernment. Allthisgoestoshowthatthelawplaysasigni?cantroleinensuringaviation security. Thisbookaddressesnewandemergingthreatstocivilaviation;evaluates securitytoolsnowinusesuchasthePublicKeyDirectory, AdvancePassenger Information, PassengerNameRecordandMachineReadabletraveldocumentsin the context of their legal and regulatory background; and discusses applicable securitytreatieswhileprovidinganinsightintotheprocessofthesecurityaudits conductedbytheInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO). v vi Preface ThebookalsoexaminesissuesoflegalresponsibilityofStatesandindividuals forterroristactsofthirdpartiesagainstcivilaviationanddiscussesfromalegal perspectivethelatestliabilityConventionsadoptedatICAO. TheConclusionof thebookprovidesaninsightintotheapplicationoflegalprinciplesthroughrisk management. Sincethewritingofthisbook, theauthor publishedthreefeature articles entitled, The NW Flight 253 and the Global Framework of Aviation Security(AirandSpaceLaw, Volume35Issue2April2010167 182);TheUse of Full Body Scanners and Their Legal Implications; and The Use of Forged PassportsforActsofCriminality(bothofwhichcouldbeaccessedthroughthe webpageoftheJournalofTransportationSecurity(Springer). Thesethreearticles formausefuladjuncttothisbook. Montreal, CA RuwantissaAbeyratne Contents 1 ASecurityCulture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A. ARisk-BasedApproach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 B. TheICAOResponse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 I. TheICAOHigh-LevelMinisterialConference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 II. PostConferenceWork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 C. EmergingThreats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 I. Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 II. ReactingtoProbability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 III. Deterrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 IV. ProblemsofDeterrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 V. ThreatAssessmentinICAO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 VI. TheAVSECPanel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 VII. Bioterrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 VIII. Cyber-Terrorism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 IX. MANPADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 X. TheDiverseNatureofMissileAttacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 XI. InstallationofanAnti-missileSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 XII. ThePerimeterGuard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 XIII. InternationalAccord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 XIV. OtherCurrentThreats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2 PrinciplesofResponsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 A. StateResponsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 I. PrinciplesofStateResponsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 II. TheTheoryofComplicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 III. MechanismsforExtraditionofOffenders: TheLockerbieCase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 IV. TheCondonationTheory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 V. TheRoleofKnowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 vii viii Contents VI. Pro?lingofPassengers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 VII. AirportPro?ling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 VIII. Pro?lingandtheRightofPrivacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 B. OtherAspectsofResponsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 I. PreludetotheRomeConventionof1952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 II. TheRomeConventionof1952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 C. TheRomeConventionof1952 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 I. Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 II. Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 III. ProvisionsoftheConvention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."
