Bandwidth Extension of Speech Signals

By: Bernd Iser, Wolfgang Minker, Gerhard Schmidt

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Hardcover | 2 September 2008

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196 Pages

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23.5 x 15.88 x 1.91

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Bandwidth Extension of Speech Signals describes the theory and methods for quality enhancement of clean speech signals and distorted speech signals such as those that have undergone a band limitation, for instance, in a telephone network. Problems and the respective solutions are discussed for the different approaches. The different approaches are evaluated and a real-time implementation of the most promising approach is presented. The book includes topics related to speech coding, pattern- / speech recognition, speech enhancement, statistics and digital signal processing in general.

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"The authors discuss the problem of quality enhancement of speech signals bandlimited by telephone networks with and without the presence of noise. ... For the interested reader the book is worth reading since it covers together with basic aspects related to speech processing clearly described new results and techniques with the special feature that they can be optionally used without changing the existing hardware." (Liviu Goras, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1172, 2009)

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Introduction	p. 1
Scope of the Book	p. 3
Nature of Speech Signals	p. 4
Band Limited Speech Signals	p. 5
Organization of the Book	p. 7
Speech Generation	p. 9
Human Speech Generation Process	p. 9
Model for the Speech Generation Process	p. 12
Excitation Signal	p. 12
Vocal Tract Filter	p. 13
Basic Approach for Bandwidth Extension	p. 14
Analysis Techniques for Speech Signals	p. 17
Linear Predictive Analysis	p. 17
Autocorrelation Method	p. 22
Covariance Method	p. 23
Parametric Representations of the Spectral Envelope	p. 24
Tube Model	p. 24
AR-Coefficients	p. 27
Cepstral Coefficients	p. 28
MFCCs	p. 31
Line Spectral Frequencies	p. 33
Scalar Speech Features	p. 35
Zero Crossing Rate	p. 36
Gradient Index	p. 36
Fundamental Frequency	p. 36
Kurtosis	p. 42
Spectral Centroid	p. 42
Energy Based Features	p. 44
Distance Measures	p. 48
Log Spectral Deviation	p. 48
RMS-Log Spectral Deviation	p. 49
Cepstral Distance	p. 49
Likelihood Ratio Distance	p. 50
Itakura Distance	p. 50
Itakura-Saito Distance	p. 51
Other Spectral Distance Measures	p. 51
Excitation Signal Extension	p. 53
Estimation of the Narrowband Excitation Signal	p. 54
Extension Using Non-Linear Characteristics	p. 55
Half-Way Rectification	p. 57
Full-Way Rectification	p. 57
Quadratic Characteristic	p. 60
Cubic Characteristic	p. 60
Tanh Characteristic	p. 60
Benesty Characteristic	p. 61
Adaptive Quadratic Characteristic	p. 61
Extension Using Spectral Shifting/Modulation Techniques	p. 62
Fixed Spectral Shifting	p. 62
Adaptive Spectral Shifting	p. 63
Extension Using Function Generators	p. 64
Sine Generators	p. 64
White Noise Generators	p. 64
Power Adjustment	p. 65
Discussion	p. 66
Broadband Spectral Envelope Estimation	p. 67
Generation and Preparation of a Training Data Set	p. 67
Estimation of the Narrowband Spectral Envelope	p. 72
Estimation of the Broadband Spectral Envelope Using Codebooks	p. 77
Codebook Training and Operation Using AR Coefficients	p. 78
Codebook Training and Operation Using Cepstral Coefficients	p. 79
Codebook Training and Operation Using MFCCs	p. 84
Codebook Training and Operation Using LSFs	p. 84
Estimation of the Broadband Spectral Envelope Using Neural Networks	p. 85
Training and Operation Using Cepstral Coefficients	p. 86
Estimation of the Broadband Spectral Envelope Using Linear Mapping	p. 89
Training and Operation Using Cepstral Coefficients	p. 89
Combined Approach Using Codebook Classification and Linear Mapping	p. 90
Training and Operation Using Cepstral Coefficients	p. 92
Discussion	p. 94
Quality Evaluation	p. 97
Evaluation of the Excitation Signal Extension	p. 97
Objective Quality Criteria	p. 98
Subjective Quality Criteria	p. 99
Rank Correlation Between Objective and Subjective Results	p. 106
Evaluation of the Envelope Estimation	p. 107
Objective Quality Criteria	p. 109
Subjective Quality Criteria	p. 112
Discussion	p. 114
Summary	p. 115
Levinson-Durbin Recursion	p. 119
LBG-Algorithm	p. 123
Generalized Delta Rule or Standard Backpropagation	p. 125
Stability Check	p. 129
Feature Distributions	p. 131
Evaluation Results	p. 143
Abbreviations and Symbols	p. 153
Abbreviations	p. 153
Important Symbols	p. 154
List of Tables	p. 157
List of Figures	p. 161
References	p. 167
Index	p. 179
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Bandwidth Extension of Speech Signals

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

Shipping

How to return your order

Defective items

You Can Find This Book In

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