Preface to the Third Edition xi
Preface to the Second Edition xiii
Preface to the First Edition xv
Acknowledgments xvii
1 Introduction 1
A Brief History 1
Definitions 3
Overview: Advantages and Disadvantages 9
Instrumentation and Columns 12
References 14
2 Basic Concepts and Terms 15
Definitions, Terms, and Symbols 15
The Rate Theory 25
The Achievement of Separation 34
References 35
3 Instrument Overview 37
Carrier Gas 38
Flow Control and Measurement 39
Sample Inlets and Sampling Devices 42
Capillary Columns 46
Temperature Zones 47
Detectors 49
Data Systems 50
Reference 50
4 Capillary Columns 51
Types of Capillary Columns 51
Capillary Column Tubing 54
Advantages of Capillary Columns 55
Column Selection 57
Column Quality Testing: The Grob Test Mix 65
Special Troubleshooting Considerations for Capillary Columns 66
Guidelines for Selecting Capillary Columns 67
References 68
5 Stationary Phases 69
Selecting a Column 69
Common and Important Stationary Phases 81
Other Common Stationary Phases 83
References 86
6 Temperature Programming 87
Advantages and Disadvantages of TPGC 89
Requirements for TPGC 90
Example Temperature Programmed Chromatograms 91
Special Topics 96
References 98
7 Inlets 99
Inlet Fundamentals 99
Split Inlet 101
Splitless Inlet 104
On?Column Inlet 106
Programmed Temperature Vaporizer (PTV) 107
Related Topics 108
References 111
8 Classical Detectors: FID, TCD, and ECD 113
Classification of Detectors 115
Common Detector Characteristics 117
Flame Ionization Detector (FID) 124
Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD) 128
Electron Capture Detector (ECD) 131
Other Detectors 134
References 136
9 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 139
Qualitative Analysis 139
Quantitative Analysis 145
Statistics of Quantitative Calculations 145
Quantitative Analysis Methods 148
Summary 154
References 154
10 GC?MS and Spectrometric Detectors 157
Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC?MS) 158
Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry–Mass Spectrometry (GC?MS?MS) 171
Gas Chromatography–Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (GC?FITR) 172
Gas Chromatography–Vacuum Ultraviolet (GC?VUV) Spectrometry 172
References 174
11 Sampling Methods 177
Overview 177
Liquid–Liquid Extraction (LLE) 179
Solid–Liquid Extraction: Soxhlet Extraction and Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) 182
Solid?Phase Extraction 183
Liquid–Vapor or Solid–Vapor Extraction: Headspace Extraction 186
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) 188
QuEChERS (Quick, Easy Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) 192
Additional Techniques and Summary 193
References 194
12 Multidimensional Gas Chromatography 197
Overview 197
Fundamental Principles of Multidimensional Chromatography 198
Heart Cutting 202
Comprehensive Two?Dimensional GC (GC×GC) 203
LC?GC with Heart Cutting 206
Comprehensive LC×GC 206
References 208
13 Packed Column GC 211
Columns 211
Solid Supports and Stationary Phases 213
Liquid Stationary Phases 214
Solid Stationary Phases 215
Gas Analysis 218
Analysis of Other Inorganics 221
Inlets and Liquid Sampling for Packed Columns 221
Special Columns and Applications 222
References 224
14 Special Topics 225
Fast GC 225
Chiral Analysis by GC 228
Analysis of Nonvolatile Compounds 229
Pyrolysis 233
Inverse GC 233
Additional Theory 234
Activity Coefficients 236
References 238
15 Troubleshooting GC Systems 241
Preventing Problems 241
Troubleshooting Problems 243
Appendix A Acronyms, Symbols and Greek Symbols 251
Appendix B Some Internet Sites for Gas Chromatography 255
Appendix C Other Books On Gas Chromatography 257
Index 259
