Basic Statistics for Psychologists

1st Edition

By: Brysbaert M.

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Paperback | 30 June 2011 | Edition Number 1

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The emphasis upon methods of statistical research in psychology is often overlooked by beginning undergraduate students and subsequently, many find difficulty in approaching this unexpected yet so often integral topic of any given psychology degree. Subsequently this clearly written and comprehensive textbook offers itself as a guide to those students looking for a clear introduction on how to use statistics in psychological research. Crucially, students will be equipped with the key methods of statistical inference and learn how to interpret the results of various statistical tests.  Expect to learn how to summarise data using the frequency distribution, measures of central tendency, variability as well how to employ the t-test and non-parametric tests for various types of groups and samples.

This core adoptable textbook covers all areas of undergraduate statistics, with good formulas and explanations for calculations and will aid students with the knowledge and tools necessary to developing their ability to conduct reliable and methodical research using statistics. This is an incredibly helpful and informative read for undergraduate students taking research methods and statistics courses in psychology.

Industry Reviews

"A comprehensive core text that covers all areas of undergraduate statistics and is easy to read. The formulas and calculations are well-presented and explained with a clear overall approach and a logical order of topics. It is a useful resource for psychology students and a helpful introduction to statistics in general." - Toon Cillessen, Nijmegen, Netherlands "I very much liked the overall approach of the book. It is well structured and student friendly." - Judi Smith, School of Psychology, University of Liverpool "This book is extremely accessible and easy to read, using interesting examples throughout to demonstrate concepts and mathematical processes. What I particularly like is the balance between clear definitions, a friendly style and intuitive explanations." - Tamaryn Menneer, School of Psychology, University of Southampton

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You Can Find This Book In

Non-Fiction Sociology & Anthropology Sociology Social Research & Statistics Psychology Psychological Methodology Mathematics Probability & Statistics Text Books Higher Education & Vocational Textbooks Mathematics & Statistics Higher Education Textbooks Psychology Higher Education Textbooks

Preface	p. viii
Tour of book	p. xii
Symbols and abbreviations	p. xiv
Using statistics in psychology research	p. 1
The need for reliable and valid empirical studies	p. 2
The population and the sample	p. 3
Different types of research in psychology	p. 5
Which statistics should we calculate?	p. 15
Answers to chapter questions	p. 21
Summarising data using the frequency distribution	p. 25
Introduction	p. 26
Frequency distribution tables	p. 27
Frequency distribution graphs	p. 33
The shape of a frequency distribution	p. 39
Making a frequency distribution table and a frequency distribution graph in SPSS	p. 43
Going further: continuous variables, real limits and theoretical distributions	p. 55
Answers to chapter questions	p. 56
Learning check solutions	p. 57
Summarising data using measures of central tendency	p. 56
The need for summary data and the danger of them	p. 60
The mean	p. 61
The median	p. 64
The mode	p. 66
Which measure of central tendency to use?	p. 67
Comparing the different measures of central tendency	p. 70
Calculating measures of central tendency in SPSS	p. 70
Going further: using interpolation to find a more exact value of the median	p. 72
Answers to chapter questions	p. 74
Learning check solutions	p. 75
Summarising data using measures of variability	p. 76
The underestimated importance of variability	p. 77
The range	p. 78
Standard deviation and variance	p. 79
Calculating the range and standard deviation with SPSS	p. 87
Going further a computational formula for the standard deviation	p. 88
Answers to chapter questions	p. 90
Learning check solutions	p. 91
Standardised scores, normal distribution and probability	p. 92
The need for standardised scores	p. 93
Transforming raw scores into z-scores	p. 93
Interpreting z-scores	p. 94
Transforming z-scores into raw scores	p. 95
The normal distribution	p. 96
Probability	p. 103
Z-scores, normal distributions, probabilities and percentiles	p. 107
Calculating z-scores and probabilities in SPSS	p. 115
Going further defining the shape of the normal distribution	p. 119
Answers to chapter questions	p. 119
Learning check solutions	p. 121
Using the t-test to measure the difference between independent groups	p. 122
Few differences between groups can be spotted with the naked eye	p. 123
The standard error of the mean	p. 128
The t-statistic for independent samples	p. 137
Hypothesis testing on the basis of the t-statistic	p. 141
Calculating a t-test for independent samples with SPSS	p. 152
Going further: unequal sample sizes and unequal variances	p. 156
Answers to chapter questions	p. 158
Learning check solutions	p. 161
Interpreting the results of a statistical test	p. 162
Confidence intervals and their relation to statistical tests	p. 164
More on the interpretation of significant effects	p. 170
The effect size	p. 177
How to interpret non-significant effects	p. 183
How many participants should I include in my experiment?	p. 184
Adding confidence intervals to your graphs in SPSS	p. 188
Going further: one- and two-tailed tests, and a mathematical summary	p. 192
Answers to chapter questions	p. 194
Learning check solutions	p. 197
Non-parametric tests of difference between independent groups	p. 199
The Mann-Whitney U-test for ordinal data	p. 200
The one-way chi-square test for nominal data	p. 217
Answers to chapter questions	p. 219
Learning check solutions	p. 221
Using the t-test to measure change in related samples	p. 223
The t-statistic for repeated measures	p. 224
The effect size, likelihood ratio and power of a t-test with repeated measures	p. 228
The confidence interval for a design with repeated measures	p. 232
Step by step: a t-test for repeated measures	p. 235
Running a t-test with repeated measures in SPSS	p. 239
Going further: the relationship between SD_D, SD₁ and SD₂	p. 240
Answers to chapter questions	p. 241
Learning check solutions	p. 242
Non-parametric tests to measure changes in related samples	p. 243
The Wilcoxon signed-rank statistic	p. 244
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test	p. 248
How to report a Wilcoxon signed-rank test	p. 249
Adding a confidence interval to your graph	p. 249
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test as an alternative to the t-test for related samples	p. 252
Step by step: the Wilcoxon signed-rank test	p. 254
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test in SPSS	p. 256
Answers to chapter questions	p. 259
Improving predictions through the Pearson correlation coefficient	p. 261
The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient	p. 262
Significance of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient	p. 280
Calculating the Pearson product-moment correlation in SPSS	p. 286
Going further: using the t-distribution to calculate the p-value of a Pearson correlation and using Pearson's correlation as an effect size	p. 292
Answers to chapter questions	p. 295
Improving predictions through non-parametric tests	p. 298
The Spearman rank correlation for ordinal data and interval/ratio data	p. 299
The chi-square test of independence for nominal data	p. 307
Answers to chapter questions	p. 317
Using analysis of variance for multiple independent variables	p. 319
Using analysis of variance to compare groups of people	p. 320
Using analysis of variance to compare conditions within people	p. 334
Analysis of variance with one between-groups variable and one repeated measure	p. 343
Answers to chapter questions	p. 355
Going further: more than two levels and multiple predictors	p. 357
Analysing a study with three groups of participants	p. 358
Analysing a repeated measures study with more than two levels	p. 371
Working with more than one predictor in a regression analysis	p. 381
Answers to chapter questions	p. 390
References	p. 391
Appendices	p. 393
Index	p. 407
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Basic Statistics for Psychologists

1st Edition

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