| List of abbreviations | p. xi |
| List of symbols | p. xiii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Battery Management Systems | p. 1 |
| State-of-Charge definition | p. 3 |
| Goal and motivation of the research described in this book | p. 4 |
| Scope of this book | p. 6 |
| References | p. 7 |
| State-of-the-Art of battery State-of-Charge determination | p. 11 |
| Introduction | p. 11 |
| Battery technology and applications | p. 11 |
| General operational mechanism of batteries | p. 13 |
| Battery types and characteristics | p. 14 |
| Summary | p. 16 |
| History of State-of-Charge indication | p. 16 |
| A general State-of-Charge system | p. 23 |
| Possible State-of-Charge indication methods | p. 24 |
| Direct measurement | p. 26 |
| Book-keeping systems | p. 32 |
| Adaptive systems | p. 34 |
| Summary | p. 37 |
| Commercial State-of-Charge indication systems | p. 38 |
| Conclusions | p. 41 |
| References | p. 42 |
| A State-of-Charge indication algorithm | p. 47 |
| An introduction to the algorithm | p. 47 |
| Battery measurements and modelling for the State-of-Charge indication algorithm | p. 47 |
| EMF measurement and modelling | p. 48 |
| Overpotential measurement and modelling | p. 50 |
| States of the State-of-Charge algorithm | p. 52 |
| Main issues of the algorithm | p. 54 |
| EMF measurement, modelling and implementation | p. 55 |
| Overpotential measurement, modelling and implementation | p. 57 |
| Adaptive systems | p. 58 |
| General remarks on the accuracy of SoC indication systems | p. 59 |
| Conclusions | p. 59 |
| References | p. 60 |
| Methods for measuring and modelling a battery's Electro-Motive Force | p. 63 |
| EMF measurement | p. 63 |
| Voltage prediction | p. 69 |
| Equilibrium detection | p. 69 |
| Existing voltage-relaxation models used for voltage prediction | p. 70 |
| A new voltage-relaxation model | p. 73 |
| Implementation aspects of the voltage-relaxation model | p. 75 |
| Comparison of results obtained with the different voltage-relaxation models | p. 81 |
| Summary | p. 82 |
| Hysteresis | p. 83 |
| Electo-Motive Force modelling | p. 86 |
| Conclusions | p. 93 |
| References | p. 93 |
| Methods for measuring and modelling a battery's overpotential | p. 95 |
| Overpotential measurements | p. 95 |
| Overpotential measurements involving partial charge/discharge steps | p. 95 |
| Overpotential measurements involving full (dis)charge steps | p. 100 |
| Overpotential modelling and simulation | p. 103 |
| Overpotential modelling | p. 103 |
| Simulation results | p. 104 |
| Conclusions | p. 108 |
| References | p. 109 |
| Battery aging process | p. 111 |
| General aspects of battery aging | p. 111 |
| Li-ion battery aging | p. 111 |
| Q[subscript max] measurements | p. 113 |
| EMF measurements as a function of battery aging | p. 114 |
| The voltage-relaxation model as a function of battery aging | p. 114 |
| EMF GITT measurement results obtained for aged batteries | p. 120 |
| The charge/discharge Electro-Motive Force difference as a function of battery aging | p. 125 |
| EMF modelling as a function of battery aging | p. 130 |
| Overpotential dependence on battery aging | p. 132 |
| Overpotential measurements as a function of aging | p. 132 |
| Adaptive systems | p. 137 |
| Electro-Motive Force adaptive system | p. 137 |
| Overpotential adaptive system | p. 140 |
| Conclusions | p. 141 |
| References | p. 142 |
| Measurement results obtained with new SoC algorithms using fresh batteries | p. 145 |
| Introduction | p. 145 |
| Implementation aspects of the algorithm | p. 146 |
| A new SoC algorithm | p. 146 |
| Implementation aspects of the SoC algorithm | p. 150 |
| Results obtained with the algorithm using fresh batteries | p. 151 |
| Uncertainty analysis | p. 155 |
| Uncertainty in the real-time SoC evaluation system | p. 155 |
| The SoC uncertainty | p. 158 |
| The remaining run-time uncertainty | p. 161 |
| Improvements in the new SoC algorithm | p. 164 |
| A new State-of-Charge-Electro-Motive Force relationship | p. 164 |
| A new State-of-Charge-left model | p. 165 |
| Determination of the parameters of the new models | p. 166 |
| Test results | p. 169 |
| Uncertainty analysis | p. 173 |
| Comparison with Texas Instruments' bq26500 SoC indication IC | p. 174 |
| The bq26500 SoC indicator | p. 174 |
| Comparison of the two SoC indicators | p. 176 |
| Conclusions | p. 178 |
| References | p. 179 |
| Universal State-of-Charge indication for battery-powered applications | p. 181 |
| Introduction | p. 181 |
| Implementation aspects of the overpotential adaptive system | p. 182 |
| SoC=f(EMF) and SoC[subscript 1] adaptive system | p. 183 |
| Results obtained with the adaptive SoC system using aged batteries | p. 185 |
| Uncertainty analysis | p. 188 |
| Results obtained with other Li-based battery | p. 189 |
| EMF and SoC[subscript 1] modelling results obtained for the Li-based battery | p. 190 |
| Experimental results | p. 196 |
| Practical implementation aspects of the SoC algorithm | p. 200 |
| Hardware design of the evaluation board | p. 200 |
| Software design of the evaluation board | p. 204 |
| Measurement results | p. 205 |
| Boostcharging | p. 208 |
| Conclusions | p. 218 |
| References | p. 219 |
| General conclusions | p. 221 |
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