| Beating Drug Tests and Defending Positive Results: A General Overview | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Commonly Abused Drugs in the United States | p. 2 |
| Workplace Drug Testing | p. 3 |
| How People Try to Beat Drug Tests? | p. 3 |
| How People Defend Positive Results? | p. 5 |
| Designer Drugs/Rave Party Drugs and Workplace Drug Testing | p. 6 |
| Detection of Designer/Rave Party Drugs | p. 8 |
| Conclusions | p. 8 |
| References | p. 9 |
| Pharmacology of Commonly Abused Drugs | p. 11 |
| Introduction | p. 11 |
| Amphetamine, Methamphetamine and Related Drugs | p. 11 |
| Metabolism of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine | p. 12 |
| Designer Drugs Derived from Amphetamines | p. 12 |
| Metabolism of Designer Drugs Derived from Amphetamines | p. 14 |
| Overdoses and Fatalities from Amphetamines and Related Drugs | p. 15 |
| Barbiturates | p. 15 |
| Metabolism and Fatality from Barbiturates | p. 16 |
| Benzodiazepines | p. 17 |
| Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines | p. 17 |
| Benzodiazepine Overdose and Fatality | p. 18 |
| Cannabinoids | p. 19 |
| Metabolism of THC | p. 19 |
| THC Overdose | p. 20 |
| Cocaine | p. 20 |
| Pharmacology of Cocaine | p. 21 |
| Abuse of Cocaine and Alcohol | p. 22 |
| Fatality from Cocaine and Cocaethylene | p. 22 |
| Opiates | p. 22 |
| Pharmacology of Opiates | p. 23 |
| Methadone | p. 24 |
| Pharmacology of Methadone | p. 24 |
| Phencyclidine | p. 24 |
| Propoxyphene | p. 25 |
| Methaqualone | p. 26 |
| Glutethimide | p. 26 |
| Conclusions | p. 26 |
| References | p. 27 |
| Workplace Drug Testing: SAMHSA and Non-SAMHSA Drugs | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 29 |
| SAMHSA Mandated Drugs | p. 30 |
| Testing of Various SAMHSA Mandated Drugs | p. 31 |
| Testing of Amphetamines | p. 32 |
| Testing of Cannabinoid (Marijuana) | p. 33 |
| Testing of Cocaine Metabolites | p. 34 |
| Testing of Opiates | p. 36 |
| Testing of Phencyclidine | p. 37 |
| Testing of Non-SAMHSA Drugs | p. 38 |
| Testing of Barbiturates | p. 38 |
| Testing of Benzodiazepines | p. 40 |
| Testing of Methadone | p. 40 |
| Testing of Propoxyphene | p. 41 |
| Testing of Methaqualone and Glutethimide | p. 41 |
| Miscellaneous Issues in Workplace Drug Testing | p. 42 |
| Conclusions | p. 42 |
| References | p. 43 |
| Synthetic Urine, Flushing, Detoxifying, and Related Agents for Beating Urine Drug Tests: Are They Effective? | p. 45 |
| Introduction | p. 45 |
| Synthetic Urine | p. 46 |
| Composition of Synthetic Urine | p. 47 |
| Specimen Integrity Testing | p. 47 |
| Prosthetic Penis and Workplace Drug Testing | p. 48 |
| Catheterization for Substituting Urine | p. 49 |
| Flushing and Detoxifying Products | p. 50 |
| Water Intoxication | p. 51 |
| Diluted Urine and Drug Testing | p. 51 |
| SAMHSA Criteria for Diluted/Substituted Urine | p. 53 |
| Diluted Urine: Case Studies | p. 54 |
| Do These Agents Work? | p. 55 |
| Herbals to Beat Drug Tests | p. 56 |
| Various Drugs and False Negative/Positive Screening Assay Results | p. 57 |
| Conclusions | p. 58 |
| References | p. 58 |
| Household Chemicals and Internet Based Products for Beating Urine Drug Tests | p. 61 |
| Introduction | p. 61 |
| Household Chemicals as Urinary Adulterants | p. 62 |
| Effect of Various Adulterants on Immunoassay Screening | p. 63 |
| Effect of Various Household Adulterants on Specimen Integrity Testing | p. 65 |
| Internet Based Urinary Adulterants | p. 67 |
| Adulteration Product Urine Luck | p. 67 |
| Adulteration Products Containing Nitrite | p. 68 |
| Adulteration with Glutaraldehyde Containing Products | p. 69 |
| Stealth as a Urinary Adulterant | p. 70 |
| Papain as Urinary Adulterant | p. 71 |
| Detection of Internet Based Adulterants | p. 71 |
| Testing for Urine Luck | p. 71 |
| Testing for Nitrite | p. 72 |
| Testing for Stealth | p. 73 |
| Testing for Glutaraldehyde | p. 73 |
| Onsite Adulteration Check and Automated Assays | p. 73 |
| Federal Guidelines for Additional Testing to Detect Adulterants | p. 75 |
| A Case Study | p. 75 |
| Conclusions | p. 76 |
| References | p. 76 |
| Adulterating Hair, Oral Fluid, and Sweat Specimens for Drug Testing | p. 79 |
| Introduction | p. 79 |
| Hair Drug Testing | p. 80 |
| Hair Color and Incorporation of Drugs | p. 81 |
| Environmental Contamination and Hair Drug Testing | p. 81 |
| Adulteration of Hair Specimens | p. 83 |
| Oral Fluid Testing for Abused Drugs | p. 84 |
| Adulteration of Oral Fluid | p. 85 |
| Sweat Testing | p. 86 |
| Adulteration Issues | p. 86 |
| Conclusions | p. 87 |
| References | p. 87 |
| Defending Positive Opiate and Marijuana Test Results | p. 89 |
| Introduction | p. 89 |
| Poppy Seeds and Opium | p. 90 |
| Opium Content of Various Poppy Seeds | p. 90 |
| Poppy Seed and Allergy | p. 91 |
| Opiate Level After Consumption of Poppy Tea (Opium Tea) | p. 91 |
| Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Urinary Opiates | p. 92 |
| Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Opiate Levels in Other Matrix | p. 94 |
| Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Impairment | p. 95 |
| Brown Mixture and Opiate Levels | p. 95 |
| Legal Consequence of Positive Opiate Due to Ingestion of Poppy Seed Containing Food | p. 95 |
| Marker for Poppy Seed Consumption in Urine | p. 96 |
| Defending Positive Marijuana Results | p. 97 |
| Passive Inhalation of Marijuana | p. 97 |
| Consumption of Hemp Products | p. 97 |
| Case Study | p. 99 |
| Conclusions | p. 99 |
| References | p. 100 |
| Defending Positive Cocaine Tests | p. 103 |
| Introduction | p. 103 |
| Herbal Tea and Cocaine | p. 104 |
| Coca Tea and Urinary Level of Benzoylecgonine | p. 105 |
| Legal Consequence of Positive Cocaine Due to Ingestion of Coca Tea | p. 106 |
| Mugwort and Positive Cocaine | p. 107 |
| Procaine and Workplace Drug Testing | p. 107 |
| Benzocaine, Tetracaine, Lidocaine, and Workplace Drug Testing | p. 108 |
| Paper Money Contaminated with Cocaine | p. 109 |
| Handling Money Contaminated with Cocaine and Drug Testing | p. 110 |
| Passive Inhalation/Exposure of Cocaine | p. 111 |
| Case Studies | p. 112 |
| Conclusions | p. 112 |
| References | p. 113 |
| Defending Positive Amphetamine Results | p. 115 |
| Introduction | p. 115 |
| OTC and Prescription Drugs that Produce False Positives with Amphetamine/Methamphetamine Immunoassays | p. 116 |
| Use of Vicks“ Inhaler and Positive Methamphetamine Test | p. 117 |
| Herbal Weight Loss Products and Amphetamine Assay | p. 119 |
| Bitter Orange and Amphetamine Immunoassay | p. 120 |
| False Positive GC/MS Methamphetamine Due to Ephedrine or Pseudoephedrine | p. 121 |
| False Positive Amphetamine Due to Prescription Drug Mebeverine | p. 122 |
| Analytical True Positive Amphetamine/Methamphetamine | p. 125 |
| Case Studies | p. 126 |
| Conclusions | p. 127 |
| References | p. 127 |
| Analytical True Positives in Workplace Drugs Testings Due to Use of Prescription and OTC Medications | p. 131 |
| Introduction | p. 131 |
| Prescription Medications Containing Benzodiazepines | p. 132 |
| Topical Use of Cocaine and Workplace Drug Testing | p. 134 |
| Prescription Opiates and Workplace Drug Testing | p. 135 |
| Detection of Hydromorphone After Medical Use of Morphine | p. 136 |
| Detection of Hydrocodone After Medical Use of Codeine | p. 137 |
| OTC Opiates and Workplace Drug Testing | p. 138 |
| Marinol and Workplace Drug Testing | p. 138 |
| Marijuana and Chocolate | p. 139 |
| Conclusions | p. 139 |
| References | p. 140 |
| Subject Index | p. 143 |
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