List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
Preface and Acknowledgments (and a Caveat) xii
Part I Bilingual Education for All 1
1 Introducing Bilingual Education 3
Scenarios 3
Introduction 5
What Is Bilingual Education? 5
Beneficiaries and Reasons 11
Geopolitics and Language Orientations 13
Summary 16
Conclusion 17
Part II Bilingualism and Education 19
2 Languaging and Education 21
Introduction 22
Language Constructions 23
Languaging 31
Conclusion 40
3 Bilingualism and Translanguaging 42
Introduction 43
Bilingualism and Translanguaging 44
Models of Bilingualism 51
Questioning Assumptions 56
Bilingual Abilities 61
Bilingual Development 63
Neurolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Considerations 67
Conclusion 71
4 The Sociopolitics of Bilingualism 73
Introduction 73
Transglossia 75
Language Maintenance, Shift, and Revitalization 80
Language Ideologies 82
Language Policy as Right and Resource 84
Conclusion 91
5 Benefits of Bilingualism 93
Introduction 94
Cognitive Advantages 94
Social Advantages 97
Intervening Factors 101
Conclusion 107
Part III Bilingual Education Policy 109
6 Bilingual Education: Frameworks and Types 111
Introduction: The Social Context 112
Bilingual Education Models? 113
Bilingual Education Theoretical Frameworks 115
Bilingual Education Types 123
Conclusion 135
7 Bilingual Education: Factors and Variables 137
by Hugo Baetens Beardsmore
Introduction 137
Situational Factor 138
Operational Factor 146
Outcome Factor 152
Integrating Situational, Operational, and Outcome Factors
156
Conclusion 157
8 U.S. Language Policy in Education 159
Introduction 159
The Past 160
The Present 174
Conclusion 193
9 Language Promotion by European Supra-national Institutions
197
by Hugo Baetens Beardsmore
Introduction 197
The Council of Europe 198
The European Commission 204
Bilingual Education: CLIL/EMILE 208
Conclusion 216
10 Monoglossic Bilingual Education Policy 218
Introduction 219
Policies for Transition: Transitional Bilingual Education
221
Policies for Maintenance and Enrichment: Maintenance Bilingual
Education 231
Policies for Enrichment of Social Elite: Prestigious Bilingual
Education 236
Policy for Enrichment of Language Majorities: Immersion
Bilingual Education 237
Conclusion 240
11 Heteroglossic Bilingual Education Policy 244
by Ofelia Garcia and Hugo Baetens Beardsmore, with
contributions by Debra Cole and Zeena Zakharia
Introduction 245
Policies for Language Revitalization: Immersion Revitalization
Bilingual Education 247
Policies for Development of Minority Languages: Developmental
Bilingual Education 251
Policy for Plurilingualism across Groups: Poly-Directional or
Two-Way Bilingual Education (Dual Language) 257
Policies for Plurilingualism within Groups: CLIL and CLIL-Type
Bilingual Education 264
Policies for Multiple Languages: Multiple Multilingual Education
266
Conclusion 280
Part IV Bilingual Education Practices 287
12 Bilingualism in the Curriculum 289
Introduction 289
Bilingual Allocation 290
Bilingual Arrangements 291
Bilingual Practices: Translanguaging 304
Models of Bilingual Teaching 308
Conclusion 309
13 Bilingual Education Pedagogy and Practices 312
Introduction 312
Bilingual Education Approaches and Methods 313
Principles and Practices of Bilingual Education Pedagogy 318
Strategies: Scaffolding 329
Conclusion 335
14 Biliteracy Practices and Pedagogy 337
Introduction 337
A Sociocultural Approach 338
The Continua of Biliteracy 340
Models of Biliteracy Use 342
Biliteracy Sequencing 344
Written Language and Texts 346
Instructional Approaches 351
The Biliteracy Workshop 354
Conclusion 364
15 Assessment of Bilinguals 366
by Ofelia Garcia and Hugo Baetens Beardsmore
Introduction 366
The Power of Assessment 367
Assessing Bilinguals 369
Democratic Assessment for Bilinguals 378
Conclusion 378
Part V Bilingual Education for the Twenty-first Century
381
Conclusion 383
Appendix: Myths and Realities 390
by Cristina Muir, Yesenia Morales, Lori Falchi, and Ofelia
Garcia
Notes 395
Bibliography 410
Author Index 459
Subject Index 466
