Bio-inspired Routing Protocols for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

PREFACE ix

INTRODUCTION xi

ACRONYMS AND NOTATIONS xv

CHAPTER 1. VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS 1

1.1. VANET definition, characteristics and applications1

1.1.1. Definition of vehicular ad hoc network1

1.1.2. Characteristics of vehicular ad hoc networks 2

1.1.3. Applications of vehicular ad hoc networks 5

1.2. VANET architectures 7

1.2.1. Vehicular WLAN/cellular architecture 7

1.2.2. Pure ad hoc architecture 8

1.2.3. Hybrid architecture 9

1.3. Mobility models 9

1.3.1. Random-based mobility models 10

1.3.2. Geographic map-based mobility models 12

1.3.3. Group-based mobility 14

1.3.4. Prediction-based mobility models 17

1.3.5. Software-tools-based mobility models 20

1.4. VANET challenges and issues 21

1.4.1. VANET routing 21

1.4.2. Vehicular network scalability 22

1.4.3. Computational complexity in VANET networking 22

1.4.4. Routing robustness and self-organization in vehicular networks 23

1.4.5. Vehicular network security 23

1.5. Bibliography 23

CHAPTER 2. ROUTING FOR VEHICULAR AD HOC NETWORKS 29

2.1. Basic concepts 29

2.1.1. Single-hop versus multi-hop beaconing in VANETs 29

2.1.2. Routing classification of VANETs 31

2.2. Quality-of-service of VANET routing 35

2.2.1. Quality-of-service definition 35

2.2.2. Quality-of-service criteria 36

2.3. VANET routing standards 37

2.3.1. Dedicated short range communication 38

2.3.2. Standards for wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) 40

2.3.3. VANET standards related to routing layers 42

2.3.4. Other VANET routing standards 44

2.4. VANET routing challenges and issues 45

2.4.1. Dynamics nature of VANETs (mobility pattern and vehicles? velocity) 45

2.4.2. Vehicular network density and scalability 46

2.4.3. Safety improvement and quality-of-service 46

2.5. Bibliography 47

CHAPTER 3. CONVENTIONAL ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR VANETS 51

3.1. Topology-based routing 51

3.1.1. Reactive routing protocols 52

3.1.2. Proactive routing protocols 55

3.1.3. Hybrid routing protocols 57

3.1.4. Critics of topology-based routing 58

3.2. Geography-based routing 59

3.2.1. Geography-based routing principle 59

3.2.2. Geography-based routing protocols 59

3.2.3. Critics of geography-based routing 67

3.3. Cluster-based routing 68

3.3.1. Cluster-based routing principle 68

3.3.2. Cluster-based routing protocols 69

3.3.3. Critics of cluster-based routing 73

3.4. Bibliography 73

CHAPTER 4. BIO-INSPIRED ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR VANETS 79

4.1. Motivations for using bio-inspired approaches in VANET routing 80

4.1.1. Network scalability 80

4.1.2. Computational complexity 80

4.1.3. Self-organization and adaptability 81

4.1.4. Routing robustness 81

4.2. Fundamental concepts and operations of bio-inspired VANET routing 82

4.2.1. Optimization problem definition 82

4.2.2. Search space (SSp) 83

4.2.3. Objective function 83

4.2.4. Population 84

4.2.5. Individual encoding 84

4.2.6. Initialization 84

4.2.7. Stopping criterion 85

4.3. Basic bio-inspired algorithms used in VANET routing literature 85

4.3.1. Genetic algorithm 86

4.3.2. Ant colony optimization 89

4.3.3. Particle swarm optimization 90

4.3.4. Bees life algorithm 92

4.3.5. Bacterial foraging optimization 93

4.4. Evolutionary algorithms for VANET routing 95

4.4.1. Sequential genetic algorithms for VANET routing 95

4.4.2. Parallel genetic algorithms for VANET routing 100

4.5. Swarm intelligence for VANET routing 101

4.5.1. Ant colony optimization for VANET routing 102

4.5.2. Particle swarm optimization for VANET routing 106

4.5.3. Bee colony optimization for VANET routing 108

4.5.4. Bacterial foraging optimization for VANET routing 110

4.6. Another bio-inspired approach for VANET routing 112

4.7. Bibliography 113

CONCLUSION 121

INDEX 125