Biogeochemistry of Marine Systems

Name: Biogeochemistry of Marine Systems
Brand: Taylor & Francis Inc
Price: 252.75 AUD
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By: Kenneth D. Black (Editor), Graham B. Shimmield (Editor)

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Hardcover | 15 October 2003 | Edition Number 1

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392 Pages

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23.4 x 15.6 x 2.64

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Marine systems vary in their sensitivities to perturbation. Perturbation may be insidious - such as increasing eutrophication of coastal areas - or it may be dramatic - such as a response to an oil spill or some other accident. Climate change may occur incrementally or it may be abrupt, and ecosystem resilience is likely to be a complex function of the interactions of the factors and species mediating key biogeochemical processes.
Biogeochemistry of Marine Systems considers issues of marine system resilience, focusing on a range of marine systems that exemplify major global province types. Each system is interesting in its own right, on account of its sensitivity to natural or anthropogenic change or its importance as an ecological service provider. Each contributing author concentrates on advances of the last decade.
This prime reference source for marine biogeochemists, marine ecologists, and global systems scientists provides a strong foundation for the study of the multiple marine systems undergoing change because of natural biochemical or anthropogenic factors.

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"This book should be required reading for all students entering the field of marine biogeochemistry as well as current practitioners. Each and every college and university library should have a copy."
- David M. Karl, Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 79, No. 3, September 2004

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Preface	p. xii
Contributors	p. xv
Mangroves of Southeast Asia	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Mangrove forest structure and function	p. 2
Water column biogeochemistry	p. 3
Organic matter sources in mangrove forests	p. 7
Decomposition of detritus	p. 9
Sediment biogeochemistry	p. 11
Total microbial activity in mangrove sediments	p. 12
Mineralization pathways in mangrove sediments	p. 15
Phosphorus cycling	p. 23
Factors influencing the biogeochemistry	p. 25
Effect of forest type and age	p. 25
Influence of macrofauna	p. 26
Effect of seasonal variations on mangrove forest biogeochemistry	p. 28
Sediment biogeochemistry and implications for mangrove vegetation	p. 29
Biogeochemistry in mangroves affected by anthropogenic activities	p. 31
References	p. 34
Coral reefs	p. 40
Introduction	p. 40
Coral reef morphology and zonation	p. 41
Basic biogeochemistry	p. 43
Carbon	p. 43
Dissolved organic matter	p. 47
Nitrogen	p. 48
Phosphorus	p. 50
Silica	p. 51
Iodine	p. 51
Interstitial geochemistry and hydrology of coral reef frameworks	p. 52
Mass transfer-limited biogeochemical rates	p. 54
Coral growth in high nutrient water	p. 56
Measurement techniques	p. 58
Summary statements	p. 59
References	p. 59
Fjords	p. 65
Introduction	p. 65
Definition and origin of fjords	p. 66
The public and scientific interest in fjords	p. 67
Sediment diagenesis in oxic fjords	p. 69
The Saguenay Fjord	p. 69
Sedimentation	p. 69
Composition of the rapidly deposited layers	p. 70
Sulfate reduction and sulfide accumulation	p. 70
Mercury diagenesis	p. 73
Phosphorus and arsenic geochemistry	p. 73
Non-steady-state diagenesis	p. 75
Elemental cycling in anoxic waters	p. 76
Chemical tracers	p. 76
Cycling of carbon and nutrients	p. 77
Trace element and radionuclide cycling	p. 78
Fe-S systematics	p. 81
Sulfate reduction and methane oxidation	p. 83
Elemental cycling in sediments underlying anoxic waters	p. 84
Preservation of organic matter	p. 85
References	p. 86
The Eastern Mediterranean	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
History of the Mediterranean basin	p. 92
Basic description of the bathymetry and physical oceanography of the Eastern Mediterranean	p. 93
Bathymetry	p. 93
Physical circulation of the Eastern Mediterranean	p. 93
Formation of LDW	p. 94
Formation of LIW	p. 95
Recent water mass changes in the Eastern Mediterranean	p. 96
Current patterns	p. 97
Nutrients and chlorophyll distribution across the Eastern Mediterranean	p. 98
General comments	p. 98
Seasonal distributions	p. 98
Winter	p. 98
Spring into summer	p. 100
Nutrient distribution below the nutricline	p. 100
Total chlorophyll distribution and characteristics	p. 100
Light penetration	p. 102
Species composition	p. 102
The prochlorophytes	p. 102
The unicellular cyanobacteria	p. 103
The eukaryotes	p. 104
Heterotrophic bacteria	p. 104
Primary production	p. 105
Gradient in biomass and productivity from coastal waters to the open sea	p. 107
Effects of mesoscale features on nutrient and chlorophyll distribution and phytoplankton productivity	p. 108
Biogeochemical processes in mesoscale features	p. 108
Rhodes cold-core (cyclonic) eddy	p. 108
Cyprus warm-core (anti-cyclonic) eddy	p. 112
Effects of other mesoscale features	p. 113
Seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass as detected by remote sensing	p. 113
Nutrient limitation in the Eastern Mediterranean	p. 116
Magnitude of man-induced changes in nutrient inputs and their possible effects on the Eastern Mediterranean	p. 118
Summary and conclusions	p. 120
Acknowledgements	p. 121
Glossary	p. 122
References	p. 122
The Arctic seas	p. 127
Summary	p. 127
Main features	p. 128
Water masses	p. 128
Continental shelves	p. 131
Sea ice	p. 132
Biogeochemical cycles and ecological processes	p. 133
Environmental changes	p. 138
Climate variability	p. 138
Long-term climate change	p. 140
Ozone and ultraviolet radiation	p. 143
Contaminants	p. 143
Natural resources and ecological services	p. 144
Indigenous people	p. 144
Non-indigenous regional populations	p. 145
National/international/global users	p. 146
Acknowledgements	p. 147
References	p. 147
The Arabian Sea	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
Geographical setting	p. 157
Climate and circulation	p. 158
Nutrients and primary production	p. 163
Subsurface nutrient trap	p. 163
Primary productivity	p. 164
New production	p. 166
Phytoplankton composition and size distribution	p. 167
Chlorophyll and POC	p. 171
Effect of changes in mixed layer depth	p. 172
Heterotrophic biomass and production	p. 174
Heterotrophic bacteria	p. 174
Nano- and microheterotrophs	p. 175
Mesozooplankton	p. 177
Food web structure and export of material to the deep sea	p. 179
Phytoplankton growth and mortality	p. 179
Particle fluxes to deep sea	p. 180
Role of Arabian Sea as a source or sink of carbon dioxide (CO[subscript 2])	p. 185
Oxygen-deficient zones	p. 185
Denitrification	p. 186
Intermediate nepheloid layer	p. 191
Other redox-sensitive elements	p. 192
Biological effects	p. 193
Benthic processes	p. 195
References	p. 198
The northeastern Pacific abyssal plain	p. 208
Introduction	p. 208
Key habitat parameters of deep seafloor communities	p. 208
Key habitat parameters	p. 209
Substratum type	p. 209
Near-bottom currents	p. 210
Bottom-water oxygen	p. 211
Sinking POC flux	p. 211
Redox conditions	p. 211
Variation of key habitat parameters in the northeastern Pacific abyssal plain	p. 212
Sediment types	p. 212
Near-bottom currents and oxygen concentrations	p. 212
POC flux and redox conditions	p. 213
Northeastern Pacific abyssal zones	p. 213
The eutrophic equatorial abyss	p. 214
The mesotrophic (sub-equatorial) abyss	p. 217
The oligotrophic central gyre abyss	p. 218
Sensitivity and resilience to natural and anthropogenic change	p. 220
General thoughts	p. 220
Potential sensitivity and resilience to specific changes	p. 221
Climate variation in the equatorial and North Pacific	p. 221
Global increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases and temperatures	p. 223
Manganese nodule mining	p. 226
Iron fertilization	p. 229
Concluding remarks	p. 230
Acknowledgments	p. 231
References	p. 231
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps	p. 238
Introduction	p. 238
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps	p. 238
Life at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps	p. 238
Scope of this chapter	p. 240
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents	p. 241
Distribution and general characteristics	p. 241
Geochemical fluxes of gases and elements from hydrothermal vents	p. 243
Off-axis diffuse flow versus axial venting	p. 245
Subsurface biosphere at mid-ocean ridges	p. 246
Evidence for a subsurface biosphere at deep-sea hydrothermal vents	p. 246
Biogeochemical interactions in subsurface environments	p. 251
Seafloor microbe-mineral interactions at hydrothermal vents	p. 252
Microbial distribution and activity at vents	p. 252
Biomineralisation at vents	p. 256
Fossilisation of microbes at vents	p. 260
Bacterial weathering of sulphides	p. 260
Biogeochemical interactions in hydrothermal plumes	p. 261
General features of hydrothermal plumes	p. 261
Microbial ecology of hydrothermal plumes	p. 262
Microbial productivity and organic carbon in plumes	p. 263
Biogeochemical interactions in plumes	p. 264
Biogeochemistry of off-axis vents and seafloor basalt	p. 265
Off-axis vents	p. 265
Seafloor basalts	p. 266
Deep-sea cold seeps	p. 267
Distribution, occurrences and general characteristics	p. 267
Gas hydrates	p. 268
Geochemical fluxes	p. 269
Biogeochemistry of seep sediment pore fluids	p. 270
Methanogenesis	p. 271
Anaerobic sulphate reduction	p. 271
Aerobic microbial oxidation of sulphide and methane	p. 272
Anaerobic oxidation of methane	p. 273
Microbial carbonates	p. 274
Stability and perturbations of seafloor hydrothermal vent and cold seep systems	p. 276
Geological stability of vents and seeps	p. 276
Future perturbations related to resource extraction	p. 277
Hydrothermal sulphides	p. 277
Cold seeps	p. 278
Response of cold seeps and gas hydrates to global warming	p. 278
Future work	p. 279
Conclusion	p. 282
References	p. 282
Influence of nutrient biogeochemistry on the ecology of northwest European shelf seas	p. 293
Introduction	p. 293
Nutrient cycles	p. 294
Macronutrient element availability	p. 294
Sources of macronutrients	p. 296
Sinks of macronutrients	p. 298
Observed distributions of macronutrient concentrations and ratios	p. 300
Iron	p. 301
Plankton biogeochemistry	p. 303
Taxonomy and life forms in the plankton	p. 303
Theories of floristic composition	p. 308
Light-nutrient-mixing explanations	p. 309
Biogeochemical controls	p. 310
Ecological controls	p. 312
Variation in nutrient element ratios and its explanation in terms of plankton biochemistry	p. 315
Quantitative theory for nutrient element ratios	p. 320
Differences in abilities to assimilate different nutrients	p. 325
Theoretical conclusions	p. 327
Effects of ambient nutrient ratios on plankton	p. 327
Introduction	p. 327
Time series: Helgoland and the German Bight	p. 329
Mesocosm and other competition experiments	p. 332
Observations at sea	p. 337
Discussion and conclusions	p. 341
Introduction	p. 341
Do high ambient N:Si ratios favour flagellates?	p. 342
Do non-Redfield ambient N:P ratios perturb pelagic ecosystems?	p. 344
The possibility of iron limitation in shelf seas	p. 345
Trophic consequences of ratio changes--a Panglossian conclusion?	p. 345
A flexible Redfield ratio?	p. 347
Dedication	p. 350
References	p. 351
Index	p. 364
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved.

Biogeochemistry of Marine Systems

At a Glance

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