Biological Micro- and Nanotribology

Nature's Solutions

By: Matthias Scherge, Stanislav Gorb

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Hardcover | 20 March 2001

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324 Pages

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23.39 x 15.6 x 1.91

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This book is written for scientists and engineers wishing to become familiar with biological micro- and nanotribology as a new interdisciplinary field of research combining methods and knowledge of physics, chemistry, mechanics and biology. Biological micro- and nanotribology aims to gather information about friction, adhesion and wear of biological systems and to apply this new knowledge to the design of micro-electro-mechanical systems, the development of new types of monolayer lubrication, the invention of new adhesives or the construction of artificial joints. Biologists, chemists, physicists and tribologists and many other applied scientists will find this book an essential addition to their libraries. Moreover, this book also gives an introduction to the higher levels of micromechanical analysis. It will provide valuable assistance for graduate students intending to become active in interdisciplinary research.

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"Their book is a valuable addition to the literature on the micromechanics of very thin films ... . The discussion is exceedingly well organized and well illustrated; many examples are provided from biological systems ... . Overall, the authors have succeeded admirably in providing and informative and thorough text, the publisher has produced an attractive book, and readers will find much material of interest ... . I recommend it to anyone who works in the area of micromechanics of friction and lubrication." (Howard A. Stone, Physics Today, June, 2002)

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Basics and Physical Tools
Introduction	p. 3
Physical Principles of Micro-and Nanotribology	p. 7
Fundamental Definitions	p. 7
Model Materials	p. 9
Mechanical Properties	p. 11
Roughness	p. 11
Elastic Bodies	p. 12
Viscoelastic Bodies	p. 13
Contact Mechanics	p. 15
Adhesion	p. 20
Molecular Forces	p. 23
Electrostatic Forces	p. 25
Capillary Forces	p. 28
Lubrication	p. 32
Simple Liquids-Experiments	p. 33
Simple Liquids-Simulation	p. 35
Water-Bulk Properties	p. 37
Water-Molecular Film Properties	p. 39
Lubrication and Water Film Thickness	p. 44
Solid Lubrication	p. 49
Friction	p. 49
Macroscale Stick/Slips	p. 52
Microscale Stick/Slips	p. 53
Nanoscale Stick/Slips	p. 56
Stick/Slips and Sliding Velocity	p. 57
Friction and Sliding Velocity	p. 59
Friction versus Temperature and Humidity	p. 64
Friction and Contact Geometry	p. 65
Normal Force Dependence	p. 68
	p. 70
Wear	p. 73
Microscale Wear	p. 73
Nanoscale Wear	p. 74
Wear of Organic Monolayers	p. 74
Biological Friction Systems
Biological Frictional and Adhesive Systems	p. 79
Biological Attachment	p. 79
Systems with Reduced Friction	p. 80
Fluids and Friction	p. 80
Joints and Articular Cartilage	p. 85
Muscle Connective Tissues	p. 91
Systems with Increased Friction	p. 94
Surface-Replicating Mechanisms in Plants	p. 94
Egg Filaments of Teleostean Fish	p. 95
Attachment Apparatus in Hill Stream Fish	p. 95
Friction in Fish Spines	p. 97
Attachment for Locomotion in Lizard Pads	p. 98
Primate Skin	p. 100
Frictional Surfaces of Snake Scales	p. 100
Interlock in Parasites and Plant Diaspores	p. 101
	p. 102
Mediators of Adhesion	p. 103
Design of Adhesive Polymers	p. 103
Coupling Agents	p. 104
Systems with Increased Adhesion	p. 105
Cell Adhesion	p. 106
Invertebrates	p. 107
Byssus Adhesion in Molluscs	p. 110
Tube Feet of Starfish	p. 112
Transitory Adhesion of Soft-Bodied Invertebrates	p. 114
Adhesion in Barnacles	p. 116
Permanent Adhesion in Insects and Spiders	p. 117
Temporary Adhesion in Cladoceran Crustaceans	p. 118
	p. 118
	p. 119
	p. 121
	p. 122
	p. 122
Anti-adhesive Mechanisms	p. 124
Plants	p. 124
Animals	p. 126
Frictional Devices of Insects	p. 129
Design Principles of Insect Attachment Devices	p. 130
Insect Cuticle: Ultrastructural Architecture of the Material	p. 131
Systems of Two Complementary Surfaces	p. 133
Dragonfly Head-Arresting System	p. 133
Wing-Locking Devices	p. 135
Insect Unguitractor Apparatus	p. 137
Coxal Interlocking Mechanism in Lacewings	p. 138
Coxal Interlocking Mechanism in Jumping Cicadas	p. 138
Systems of One Adaptable Surface	p. 139
Surface Characteristics	p. 141
Ultrastructural Architecture of the Pad Material	p. 143
Two Alternative Designs of Adhesive Pads	p. 145
Epidermal Secretions	p. 147
Pore Canals	p. 148
Test Equipment
Microscale Test Equipment	p. 153
Microtribometer	p. 153
Force Detection	p. 153
Springs for the Micronewton Range	p. 154
Ball Selection	p. 155
Interferometer-Based Tribometers	p. 156
Fiber-Optics-Based Microtribometer	p. 158
Bio-Microtribometer	p. 161
Data Evaluation	p. 163
Mechanical Microanalysis	p. 164
Hardness Measurement	p. 164
Scratch Testing	p. 166
Contact-Angle Measurement	p. 167
Profilometry	p. 168
Lubrication Analysis	p. 170
Accompanying Surface Science Techniques	p. 170
Photoelectron Spectroscopy	p. 171
Auger Electron Spectroscopy	p. 173
Infrared Spectroscopy	p. 175
Low-Energy Electron Diffraction	p. 176
Nanoscale Probe Techniques	p. 179
Scanning Tunneling Microscope	p. 180
Operating Principle	p. 180
Constant Current/Height Mode	p. 181
Tunnel Spectroscopy	p. 182
Hydration Scanning Tunneling Microscopy	p. 183
AFM	p. 184
Operating Principle	p. 184
Contact mode	p. 185
Tapping Mode	p. 186
Non-contact Mode	p. 187
Force Modulation	p. 188
Selected Results	p. 188
Forces Between Tip and Molecule	p. 188
Nanoscale Friction and Wear	p. 190
Nano-indentation	p. 191
Microscopy Techniques	p. 193
Principles of Microscopy Techniques	p. 194
Light Microscopy	p. 194
Phase-Contrast Microscopy	p. 196
Interference Microscopy	p. 196
Polarization Microscopy	p. 197
Fluorescence Microscopy	p. 197
Transmission Electron Microscopy	p. 198
Scanning Electron Microscopy	p. 198
Preparation Procedures	p. 200
Fixation	p. 200
Embedding	p. 202
Sectioning	p. 203
Histological Staining	p. 204
Histochemistry	p. 204
Contrasting Technique for TEM	p. 205
Critical-Point Drying	p. 206
Freeze-Drying	p. 207
	p. 207
	p. 208
Microscopy Methods Used in Surface Characterization	p. 209
Surface Contour in Biological Surfaces	p. 210
Special Techniques for Studies on Material Design	p. 212
Ultrastructural Architecture of Micro outgrowths	p. 212
Pore Canals	p. 215
Fluids Occurring in the Contact Area	p. 216
Material Properties of Fibrous Composites	p. 217
Case Studies
Samples, Sample Preparation and Tester Setup	p. 225
A Biological Microsystem	p. 226
Sample Aging	p. 228
Case Study I: Indentation and Adhesion	p. 231
Measurement Procedure	p. 231
Indentation	p. 232
Adhesion	p. 236
The Attachment Process	p. 236
The Detachment Process	p. 238
Adhesive Properties of the Secretion	p. 239
Case Study II: Friction	p. 243
Test Setup	p. 243
Results	p. 244
Load Dependence and Friction Hysteresis	p. 245
Anisotropy of Friction and Inner Structure	p. 247
Case Study III: Material Properties	p. 251
Elastic Properties	p. 251
Viscoelastic Properties	p. 252
Outlook	p. 255
Appendix
Contact Models	p. 259
Capillary Theory	p. 261
Glossary	p. 265
List of Symbols	p. 273
References	p. 277
Index	p. 299
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

Biological Micro- and Nanotribology

Nature's Solutions

At a Glance

Hardcover

Industry Reviews

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