Bone Loss and Osteoporosis
An Anthropological Perspective
By: Sabrina C. Agarwal (Editor), Samuel D. Stout (Editor)
Hardcover | 31 December 2003
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272 Pages
25.4 x 17.78 x 1.6
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Industry Reviews
Current Concepts of Bone Loss and Osteoporosis | |
New Concepts of Bone Remodeling: A Unified Spatial and Temporal Model with Physiologic and Pathophysiologic Implications | |
Introduction | p. 3 |
The Purposes of Bone Remodeling | p. 5 |
The Basic Multicellular Unit as the Instrument of Bone Remodeling | p. 6 |
Disordered Remodeling and Age Related Bone Loss | p. 11 |
References | p. 15 |
On Changing Views about Age-Related Bone Loss | |
Introduction | p. 19 |
On the Two Paradigms | p. 19 |
The 1960 Paradigm | p. 20 |
The Utah Paradigm | p. 20 |
Age-Related Bone Loss | p. 24 |
A Proposed Synthesis | p. 26 |
Conclusions | p. 26 |
References | p. 27 |
Glossary | p. 30 |
The Role of Bone Quality on Bone Loss and Fragility | |
Introduction | p. 33 |
Determination of Bone Quality | p. 34 |
Aging Changes in the Skeleton | p. 34 |
The Problem of Diagenesis | p. 35 |
Changes in Bone Mineralization with Diseases and Treatments | p. 36 |
What Determines Skeletal Fragility? | p. 39 |
Conclusions | p. 40 |
References | p. 41 |
Population Approaches | |
Ethnic Differences in Bone Mass and Architecture | |
Introduction | p. 47 |
Osteoporosis | p. 47 |
Bone Densitometry and Assessment of Bone Architecture | p. 47 |
Bone Density and Fracture Incidence | p. 48 |
Use of "Race" and "Ethnicity" in Biomedical Literature on Osteoporosis | p. 49 |
Bone Mass and Bone Density | p. 50 |
Definitions of Bone Density | p. 50 |
Ethnic Differences in Bone Density | p. 50 |
Bone Quality and Bone Turnover | p. 51 |
Factors Affecting Bone Mass and Bone Loss | p. 51 |
Adjusting Bone Density for Body Size | p. 51 |
Body Size and Composition, and Preservation of the Skeleton | p. 52 |
Calcium Nutrition | p. 53 |
Physical Activity | p. 54 |
Bone Geometry | p. 55 |
Hip Axis Length | p. 55 |
Cross-Sectional Geometry | p. 56 |
Fracture Incidence | p. 57 |
Summary | p. 58 |
References | p. 58 |
Bone Loss, Fracture Histories, and Body Composition Characteristics of Older Males | |
Background | p. 63 |
Definition of Terms | p. 63 |
Bone Loss in Other Primates | p. 64 |
Population Differences | p. 64 |
Risk Factors | p. 65 |
Factors Influencing Bone Turnover | p. 65 |
Peak Bone Mass | p. 66 |
Endocrinological Factors | p. 66 |
Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptors | p. 67 |
Body Composition and Mechanical Factors | p. 68 |
The Sun City/Tucson Longitudinal Study | p. 69 |
Objectives | p. 69 |
Subjects | p. 69 |
Methods | p. 70 |
Results | p. 70 |
Discussion | p. 80 |
Observed Bone Loss | p. 80 |
Changes in Body Composition | p. 81 |
Nutrition, Bone Density, and Prostate Cancer | p. 83 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 84 |
References | p. 85 |
The Histomorphometry of the Subadult Rib: Age-Associated Changes in Bone Mass and the Creation of Peak Bone Mass | |
Introduction | p. 91 |
Intracortical Bone Remodeling in the Subadult Rib | p. 91 |
Peak Bone Mass and Age-Associated Bone Loss | p. 92 |
Factors Determining Peak Bone Mass | p. 93 |
A Study of Subadult Rib Histomorphometry | p. 94 |
Cross-Sectional Areas and Bone Mass | p. 95 |
Intracortical Remodeling: Osteon Population Density and Osteon Size | p. 97 |
Summary and Conclusions | p. 97 |
References | p. 99 |
Evolutionary Perspectives | |
An Evolutionary and Biocultural Approach to Understanding the Effects of Reproductive Factors on the Female Skeleton | |
Introduction | p. 105 |
Pregnancy | p. 106 |
Parity | p. 107 |
Lactation | p. 108 |
Animal Models | p. 110 |
Evolutionary and Historical Evidence | p. 111 |
Discussion | p. 113 |
Conclusions | p. 115 |
References | p. 116 |
Functional Adaptation and Fragility of the Skeleton | |
Introduction | p. 121 |
Mechanisms of Functional Adaptation | p. 122 |
Effector Cells | p. 123 |
Sensor Cells | p. 123 |
Strain and the Mechanostat | p. 124 |
The Two Poles of Adaptation | p. 125 |
Disuse: Subnormal Loading | p. 125 |
Overuse: Supernormal Loading | p. 126 |
Skeletal Maintenance | p. 126 |
Fatigue Damage Activates Remodeling | p. 127 |
Remodeling Reduces Skeletal Weight | p. 128 |
Responsive vs. Permissive Remodeling | p. 128 |
The Volume Effect on Strength and Fatigue Life | p. 129 |
Somatic vs. Evolutionary Adaptation | p. 130 |
Skeletal Fragility | p. 131 |
The Mechanostat and Sexual Dimorphism | p. 132 |
Mechanical Priorities in Male and Female Bones | p. 133 |
Estrogen and the Mechanostat Set Point | p. 133 |
Menopause, the Set Point, and Postmenopausal Fragility | p. 134 |
Summary | p. 135 |
Acknowledgments | p. 136 |
References | p. 136 |
Effects of Vitamin D on Bone and Natural Selection of Skin Color: How Much Vitamin D Nutrition are We Talking About? | |
Introduction | p. 139 |
Skin and Vitamin D Uptake | p. 141 |
Metabolism of Vitamin D | p. 142 |
What is Lack of Vitamin D? | p. 142 |
"Normal" Requirements for Calcium and Vitamin D | p. 144 |
Fur-Bearing Primates Obtain Vitamin D by Mouth | p. 145 |
Vitamin D Deficiency Affecting Genetic Selection for Lighter Skin Color | p. 147 |
Nutritional Implications of Vitamin D in Human Biology | p. 149 |
References | p. 151 |
Bone Loss and Osteoporosis in Past Populations | |
Techniques for the Investigation of Age-Related Bone Loss and Osteoporosis in Archaeological Bone | |
Introduction | p. 157 |
Background | p. 158 |
Problems with Diagenetic Change | p. 158 |
Visual Examination of Complete Bones | p. 159 |
Investigations of Cortical Bone | p. 160 |
Metacarpal Radiogrammetry | p. 160 |
Cortical Histomorphometry | p. 161 |
Investigations of Trabecular Bone | p. 162 |
Visual Examination of Trabecular Bone Structure | p. 162 |
Singh Index | p. 163 |
Image Analysis of Trabecular Architecture | p. 163 |
Stereometry | p. 164 |
Energy Dispersive Low Angle X-Ray Scattering (EDLAXS) | p. 165 |
Investigative Techniques that Measure Whole Bone | p. 165 |
Optical/Photo Densitometry | p. 166 |
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) | p. 166 |
Conclusions | p. 168 |
References | p. 168 |
Differentail Diagnoses of Intravitam and Postmortem Bone Loss at the Micro-Level | |
Introduction | p. 173 |
Methods and Techniques Used in Histological Research of Macerated Bone Specimens | p. 173 |
Intravitam Changes | p. 174 |
Primary Osteoporosis | p. 175 |
Idiopathic Osteoporosis | p. 175 |
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis | p. 175 |
Senile Osteoporosis | p. 175 |
Secondary Osteoporosis | p. 177 |
Osteoporosis due to Inactivity and Immobilization | p. 177 |
Bone Loss Caused by Inflammatory Processes | p. 179 |
Bone Loss Caused by Tumorous Processes | p. 179 |
Causes of Postmortem Bone Loss | p. 180 |
Soil and water | p. 180 |
Plant Roots | p. 183 |
Fungi, Algae, Bacteria, and Protozoa | p. 183 |
Arthropods and their larvae | p. 184 |
Conclusions and Summary | p. 186 |
Acknowledgments | p. 186 |
References | p. 186 |
Histomorphology, Geometry, and Mechanical Loading in Past Populations | |
Introduction | p. 189 |
Mechanobiology Methods for Preserved Skeletal Remains | p. 190 |
Interpreting Preserved Evidence of Mechanical Loading History from Bone Geometry | p. 190 |
Bone Microstructure and Mechanical Loading History | p. 192 |
Application of Geometric and Histologic Biomechanical Approaches to Past Populations: The Palomans | p. 196 |
Skeletal Sample | p. 196 |
Methods and Findings | p. 197 |
Changes through Time at Paloma | p. 201 |
Conclusions | p. 203 |
References | p. 203 |
Bone Remodeling and Age-Associated Bone Loss in the Past: A Histomorphometric Analysis of the Imperial Roman Skeletal Population of Isola Sacra | |
Introduction | p. 207 |
Principles and Methodology of Bone Histomorphometry | p. 208 |
Cortical Bone Sample Preparation | p. 209 |
An Algorithm for Estimating Bone Remodeling rates in Ancient Skeletal Samples | p. 210 |
Diagenesis | p. 211 |
Age-at-Death | p. 211 |
Previous Applications of Histomorphology in Past Populations | p. 211 |
African Populations | p. 212 |
European Populations | p. 212 |
Native American Populations | p. 213 |
Other Populations | p. 215 |
Present Study: An Example in Histomorphology and Bioarchaeology | p. 215 |
Materials | p. 215 |
Methods | p. 218 |
Results | p. 218 |
Cortical Area in Isola Sacra | p. 218 |
Bone Remodeling in Isola Sacra | p. 220 |
Comparison of Isola Sacra with Modern samples | p. 222 |
Age Associated Bone Loss in the Imperial Romans | p. 225 |
Future Directions | p. 225 |
Acknowledgments | p. 226 |
References | p. 226 |
Index | p. 229 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780306477676
ISBN-10: 030647767X
Published: 31st December 2003
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 272
Audience: Professional and Scholarly
Publisher: Springer Nature B.V.
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 25.4 x 17.78 x 1.6
Weight (kg): 0.69
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