Weaning the Pig

Concepts and Consequences

By: J.R. Pluske (Editor), J. Le Dividich (Editor), M.W.A. Verstegen (Editor)

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Hardcover | 23 June 2003

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'Weaning the Pig: Concepts and Consequences' is a new book that addresses the major issues surrounding the weaning process, both for piglets and the breeding herd, in modern-day pig production. The post-weaned pig presents many challenges to the manager, stockperson and nutritionist, and as such is a critical phase in the overall production system. Numerous challenges are also faced by the sow, which is required to be rebred as soon as possible after weaning. This book draws together summaries of research dealing with both piglets and the sow, and is a unique book in this regard. Accordingly, the material presented covers in detail the following areas associated with the weaning process: growth of the weaned pig, nutritional management in preparation for weaning, behavioural changes and adaptations around weaning, voluntary feed intake, digestive physiology, modulation of small intestinal integrity, the intestinal microflora and diarrhoeal diseases after weaning, intestinal immunity, nutritional requirements and intestinal requirements of the weaned pig, environmental and housing issues after weaning, saving and rearing supernumery and underprivileged piglets, and productivity and longevity of the weaned sow. The chapters have been written by acknowledged experts from around the world. The book is an ideal reference for all professions associated with the pig industry, and is invaluable as a text for students at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Agriculture & Farming Animal Husbandry Medicine Veterinary Medicine

Introduction	p. 15
Growth of the weaned pig	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
The potential growth of weaned pigs	p. 17
Description of growth	p. 18
The growth check at weaning	p. 19
Bodyweight at weaning - its importance for post-weaning growth	p. 20
Can weaning weight be increased by supplementary feeding?	p. 21
Do pigs stimulated to reach higher weaning weights grow faster to slaughter?	p. 23
Do pigs exhibit compensatory growth?	p. 25
The importance of weight gain in the first week after weaning	p. 26
Minimising the growth check at weaning	p. 27
Does minimising the growth check have long-term benefits?	p. 29
Conclusions	p. 31
References	p. 31
Nutritional management of the pig in preparation for weaning	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
The importance of weaning weight to subsequent growth	p. 38
Nutrient intake before weaning	p. 39
Supplying creep food in lactation	p. 39
Dry creep feed intake	p. 40
Liquid diets to enhance feed intake	p. 41
The effects of gender on nutrient intake of neonatal pigs	p. 43
The composition of diets offered during lactation	p. 43
Dietary formulation of creep diets	p. 44
Use of flavours in creep/starter diets	p. 45
Presentation of the creep diet	p. 45
Water for suckling pigs	p. 47
Conclusions	p. 47
References	p. 48
Behavioural changes and adaptations associated with weaning	p. 53
Summary	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Neuroendocrine consequences of weaning	p. 54
The critical role of food	p. 54
Behaviour	p. 57
Conclusion	p. 57
References	p. 58
Metabolic and endocrine changes around weaning	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
The post-weaning check	p. 61
Effect of weaning on metabolism	p. 65
Lipid and carbohydrate metabolism	p. 65
Protein metabolism	p. 67
Hormonal status	p. 68
Somatotropin and insulin-like growth factor-I	p. 68
Insulin	p. 72
Hypothalamic-pituitary axis	p. 72
Conclusions	p. 74
References	p. 74
Factors affecting the voluntary feed intake of the weaned pig	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Feeding behaviour of piglets kept under 'natural' or 'semi-natural' conditions	p. 81
Commercial weaning practice - an event rather than a process	p. 86
Pre-weaning feed and water intake	p. 87
Relationship between pre-weaning food consumption and post-weaning growth	p. 91
Feeding behaviour of the post-weaned pig	p. 94
Feed and water intake of weaned pigs	p. 96
The significance of maintaining continuity of food intake after weaning	p. 99
The interaction between water and feed intake post weaning	p. 102
Liquid feeding post-weaning	p. 106
Conclusions	p. 108
References	p. 109
Digestive physiology of the weaned pig	p. 117
Summary	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Strategies for adaptation to enteral nutrition in the neonatal pig	p. 118
Preparation	p. 118
Implementation I	p. 120
Perspective 1	p. 122
The weaned pig	p. 122
Commercial weaning	p. 123
Gastrointestinal, pancreatic and hepatic response	p. 123
Small intestine morphological response	p. 124
Small intestine carbohydrase and transporter response	p. 127
Amino acid transport	p. 128
Perspective 2	p. 129
Regulation of post-weaning adaptation	p. 130
Milk withdrawal	p. 130
Weaning stress	p. 131
Direct dietary effects	p. 132
Indirect dietary effects	p. 134
Perspective 3	p. 138
References	p. 139
Diet-mediated modulation of small intestinal integrity in weaned piglets	p. 145
Summary	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
Small intestinal integrity	p. 147
Small intestinal morphology	p. 148
Mucus production	p. 149
Transepithelial permeability	p. 149
Inflammation	p. 150
Brush border enzyme activity	p. 150
Animal performance	p. 151
Modulation of small intestinal integrity by luminal nutrition	p. 151
Modulation by route of administration	p. 152
Modulation by level of energy intake	p. 155
Modulation by dietary components	p. 159
Concluding remarks	p. 185
References	p. 186
Interactions between the intestinal microflora, diet and diarrhoea, and their influences on piglet health in the immediate post-weaning period	p. 199
Summary	p. 199
Changes in intestinal microflora at weaning	p. 199
Major enteric diseases at weaning	p. 201
Post-weaning colibacillosis (PWC)	p. 202
Factors predisposing to post-weaning colibacillosis at weaning	p. 204
The role of the small intestine	p. 204
The role of the large intestine	p. 205
The specific role of diet	p. 205
The specific role of dietary non-starch polysaccharides in PWC	p. 206
Conclusions	p. 211
Acknowledgements	p. 212
References	p. 212
Aspects of intestinal immunity in the pig around weaning	p. 219
Introduction	p. 219
Overview of immune systems	p. 220
Active immunity	p. 220
Passive immunity	p. 223
The intestinal immune system	p. 224
Intestinal inflammation	p. 227
Oral tolerance	p. 228
Development of intestinal immunity	p. 231
The effect of weaning on the intestinal immune system	p. 233
Overview of the weaning process	p. 233
Alteration of intestinal morphology	p. 234
Activation of the intestinal immune system	p. 236
Conclusion	p. 244
References	p. 244
Nutritional requirements of the weaned pig	p. 259
Summary	p. 259
Introduction	p. 259
Importance of pig weight and age	p. 259
Basis of nutrient specifications for weaner pigs	p. 262
Ingredient selection based on digestive capacity	p. 263
Nutrient requirements of the weaned pig	p. 264
Energy	p. 264
Amino acids	p. 264
Other approaches to determining a requirement estimate	p. 265
Vitamins	p. 268
Minerals	p. 269
Post-weaning diarrhea and zinc oxide	p. 270
Organic trace minerals	p. 271
Selection of ingredients for the weaned pig	p. 272
Energy sources	p. 272
Protein sources	p. 275
Non-nutritive Feed additivies (eg., antibiotics, enzymes, organic acids, etc.)	p. 282
Example of phase feeding program for early weaned pigs	p. 283
SEW diet-weaning to 5 kg	p. 283
Transition diet-5 to 7 kg	p. 285
Phase 2-7 to 11 kg	p. 286
Phase 3-11.5 to 23 kg	p. 287
Importance of management in the success of the nutritional program	p. 288
Management to encourage feed intake	p. 289
Adjust feeders frequently to minimize feed wastage	p. 289
References	p. 290
Intestinal nutrient requirements in weanling pigs	p. 301
Introduction	p. 301
Changes in gut physiology during weaning	p. 301
Acute phase	p. 302
Adaptive phase	p. 304
Intestinal nutrient utilization in young pigs	p. 306
Physiological and cellular basis of gut metabolism	p. 307
Major oxidative fuels	p. 311
Essential amino acid utilization	p. 314
Interactions between nutrition and enteric health and function	p. 320
Summary and perspectives	p. 324
Acknowledgments	p. 324
References	p. 325
Environmental requirements and housing of the weaned pig	p. 337
Introduction	p. 337
Environmental requirements of the weaned pig	p. 338
Events related to weaning that affect thermal requirements	p. 338
Ambient temperature	p. 339
Relative humidity and ventilation	p. 343
Lighting	p. 344
Effects of non-optimal climate on performance	p. 344
Pen structure	p. 346
Flooring materials	p. 346
Feeders and waterers	p. 346
Stocking densities	p. 347
Group size	p. 348
Housing as a cause of poor health of weaned pigs	p. 349
Evidence that housing conditions predispose pigs to digestive disorders	p. 349
Impact of non-optimal indoor climate on the pig's health status	p. 350
Multifactorial nature of post-weaning disorders: risk factors associated with housing and management	p. 351
Integrating the risk factors to improve health	p. 353
Conclusion	p. 353
References	p. 355
Saving and rearing underprivileged and supernumerary piglets, and improving their health at weaning	p. 361
Introduction	p. 361
What are underprivileged and supernumeraries?	p. 362
Reasons accounting for variation in birthweight and weaning weight	p. 363
Variation in birth weight	p. 363
Variation in weaning weight	p. 364
Differences between underprivileged and "normal" piglets	p. 365
Body composition	p. 365
Performance of underprivileged pigs	p. 366
Management practices to improve survival and growth of the underprivileged pigs	p. 367
Providing assistance to the underprivileged piglets at birth	p. 368
Cross fostering	p. 369
Split weaning	p. 370
Feeding strategy	p. 370
Growth potential of underprivileged piglets	p. 371
Supernumerary piglets	p. 371
Weaning at day 1-3	p. 372
Fostering onto a nurse sow	p. 372
Weaning at one week of age	p. 372
Management to improve the health of piglets	p. 373
All-in / All-out management system	p. 373
Segregation	p. 374
Conclusion: the need for research	p. 376
References	p. 377
Productivity and longevity of weaned sows	p. 385
Introduction	p. 385
Reproductive causes of culling	p. 385
Consequences of lactation and weaning on the reproductive axis	p. 388
Postpartum inhibition	p. 388
Removal of the inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis at weaning	p. 392
Variation in reproductive performance: extent and sources of variation	p. 394
Components of fertility and prolificacy	p. 394
Influence of nutritional factors	p. 394
Influence of lactational characteristics	p. 402
Influence of the physical and social environment	p. 404
Relationships between WEI, litter size and farrowing rate	p. 406
Conclusion	p. 408
References	p. 409
Conclusions	p. 421
List of authors	p. 422
Index	p. 425
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Weaning the Pig

Concepts and Consequences

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