Meeting the Mycotoxin Menace

Contents 7; Mycotoxins: Current issues in U.S.A 15; Deepak Bhatnagar, Gary A. Payne, Thomas E. Cleveland and Jane F. Robens; Abstract 15; 1. Introduction 16; 2. Regulatory limits for mycotoxins in food and feed 18; 3. Economic impact of mycotoxins 19; 4. Detection/screening methods for mycotoxins 20; 5. Post-harvest decontamination of commodities 20; 6. Development of biomarkers 21; 7. Preharvest control of mycotoxins 21; 8. Genetics of toxin biosynthesis 29; 9. Genomics of toxigenic fungi 33; 10. Other issues 37; Acknowledgement 38; References 38; Mycotoxins: Current issues in South America 47; Maya Pineiro; 1. Introduction 47; 2. Problems and issues in the region 49; 3. Technical and organizational approaches 52; 4. Looking forwards: building capabilities for mycotoxin prevention and control in south american through fao's technical assistance 55; 5. Conclusions 63; References 64; Current mycotoxin issues in Australia and Southeast Asia 67; J.I. Pitt and Ailsa D. Hocking; Abstract 67; 1. Introduction 67; 2. Mycotoxin problems in Australia 68. 3. Mycotoxin problems in Southeast Asia 72; References 76; Mycotoxins worldwide: Current issues in Africa 79; Gordon S. Shephard; Abstract 79; 1. Introduction 79; 2. Mycotoxin exposure 81; 3. Mycotoxin issues 82; 4. Conclusion 84; References 84; Plant breeding as a tool for reducing mycotoxins in cereals 87; T. Miedaner; Abstract 87; 1. Introduction 88; 2. Principles of resistance breeding 89; 3. Common features of cereal diseases connected with mycotoxins 90; 4. Small-grain cereals/Fusarium head blight (scab) 92; 5. Maize/Gibberella ear rot 95; 6. Maize/Fusarium ear rot 97; 7. Maize/Aspergillus ear rot 99; 8. Biotechnological approaches 101; 10. Conclusions and outlook 105; Acknowledgment 106; References 106; Control of Fusarium and Aspergillus species and associated mycotoxins on wheat and maize 111; P. Nicholson, N. Gosman, R. Draeger, and A. Steed; Abstract 111; 1. Fusarium head blight 111; 2. Gibberella ear rot (Red fusariosis) 113; 3. Maize pink ear rot (Pink fusariosis) 113; 4. Aspergillus ear and kernel rot 113; 5. Control 114. 6. Fungicides 114; 7. Plant Breeding 116; 8. Fusarium head blight 116; 9. Maize ears rots 119; 10. Aspergillus ear rot 120; 11. Transgenic approaches 120; 12. Agronomic practices 122; 13. Biological control 123; 14. Conclusion 123; Acknowledgements 124; References 124; Making wine safer: the case of ochratoxin A 131; Z. Kozakiewicz, P. Battilani, J. Cabanes, A. Venancio, G. Mule, E. Tjamos, A. Lichter, N. Magan, V. Sanchis, A. Lebrihi, G. Zinzani and S. Minguez; Abstract 131; 1. Introduction 132; 2. Materials and methods 133; 3. Results 135; 4. Discussion and conclusions 137; Acknowledgements 138; References 139; Biocontrol of aflatoxins in peanuts 141; J.I. Pitt; Abstract 141; 1. Introduction 142; 2. Biocontrol by competitive exclusion 143; 3. Theoretical considerations 143; 4. Practical considerations: laboratory and glasshouse studies 145; 5. Field studies 147; Acknowledgements 151; References 151. The implementation of EU controls on imported food 153; Hans J. Jeuring; Abstract 153; 1. Introduction 153; 2. Legislation 154; 3. Food Law Enforcement Practitioners 156; 4. The current situation 158; 5. An example: importcontrols and mycotoxin legislation 159; References 161; The fate of mycotoxins during cereal processing 163; K.A. Scudamore and J.N. Banks; Abstract 163; 1. Introduction 163; 2. Important mycotoxins in cereals 164; 3. Commercial processes and the factors that affect mycotoxin levels 165; 4. Changes in mycotoxin levels during processing for specific mycotoxins 166; 5. A case study: Fate of ochratoxin A in cereal processing 172; 6. Aspects of processing relevant for the cereal industry and legislators 175; 7. Conclusions 176; Acknowledgement 176; References 176; Peanuts, aflatoxin, and the U.S. origin certification program 181; Julie Adams and Thomas B. Whitaker; Abstract 181; 1. Introduction 182; 2. Origin certification program 183; 3. EU peanut aflatoxin regulations 184; 4. USDA aflatoxin control program 185; 5. Origin certification agreement 188; 6. Practical considerations 192; 7. Summary and conclusions 192. References 194; Mycotoxins in spices: red pepper 195; Dilek Heperkan and Ozlem Ceyda Ermis, Ankara; Abstract 195; 1. Introduction 195; 2. Fungal contamination of spices 196; 3. Toxin production potential of moulds isolated from spices and herbs 203; 4. Mycotoxins occurring in spices 204; 5. Case study: Red pepper 209; 6. Materials 209; 7. Methods 210; 8. Result and discussion 210; 9. Conclusions 213; References 214; Sampling and sample preparation of pistachios 219; Thomas F. Schatzki and Natsuko Toyofuku; Abstract 219; 1. Introduction 219; 2. Theory 220; 3. Methods and materials 223; 4. Results and discussion 228; Acknowledgments 232; References 232; Development of certified reference materials for mycotoxins 235; Ralf Dieter Josephs, Robert Koeber, Alexander Bernreuther, Thomas Peter Josef Linsinger and Heinz Schimmel; Abstract 235; 1. Introduction 235; 2. Actual IRMM certification concept 238; 3. Conclusions 250; Acknowledgements 250; References 251. Multi-mycotoxin determination methodology 253; Jean-Yves Pierard, Christophe Depasse, Arnout Delafortrie and Jean-Claude Motte; Abstract 253; 1. Introduction: the multi-mycotoxin approach 254; 2. Materials and methods 255; 3. Discussion and results 258; 4. Conclusions 265; Aknowledgements 265; References 265; Moulds and mycotoxins in silage 267; Johanna Fink-Gremmels; 1. Introduction 267; 2. Penicillium roqueforti and its toxins 268; 3. Aspergillus fumigatus and its toxins 268; 4. Fusarium species and their toxins 269; 5. Conclusion 270; References 270; Mycotoxins in the animal production chain 273; B. Veldman; 1. Introduction 273; 2. Prevalence of mycotoxins in feed commodities 273; 2. Adverse effects impairing animal health and productivity 274; 3. Animal health risks and exposure assessment 276; 4. Carry-over 276; 5. Conclusion 278; References 278; The use of a dynamic in vitro model of the gastrointestinal tract (TIM) in studying mycotoxin adsorbents 279; E.E. Zeijdner, G. Avantaggiato, S. Sidler, F. Escribano, A. Visconti and R. Havenaar; 1. Introduction 279. 2. TNO's gastrointestinal models (TIM) 280; 3. Physiological relevance 282; 4. Validation and application in the agro-feed area 283; 5. Efficacy testing of mycotoxin binders in TIM 286; 6. Conclusions 289; References 289; Mycotoxin research: progress and future prospects 293; Naresh Magan; 1. Introduction 293; 2. Present areas of research 293; 3. Future research areas which will need attention 295; 4. Other areas of interest 299; 5. Conclusions 299; References 300.