Breed Predispositions to Dental and Oral Disease in Dogs

Contributors ix

Introduction xi

1 Conditions Common in Small and Toy Breed Dogs 1
Brook A. Niemiec

1.1 Periodontal Disease 1

1.2 Persistent Deciduous (PD) Teeth 23

References 30

2 Conditions Seen in Both Small and Brachycephalic Breeds; Therefore Small Brachycephalic Breeds (Pug, Lhasa Apso, Shih Tzu, etc.) Are Even More Significantly Affected 39
Brook A. Niemiec

2.1 Crowding and Rotation 39

2.2 Congenitally Missing Teeth 41

2.3 Impacted or Embedded Teeth 44

References 50

3 The Welfare Concerns of Heritable Dental Diseases 53
Kymberley C. McLeod

3.1 Introduction 53

3.2 What Is Animal Welfare? 53

3.3 Sequelae to Periodontal Disease 56

3.4 Gingival Hyperplasia 57

3.5 Associations with Pain and Suffering 57

3.6 Physiological Signs of Stress 58

3.7 Welfare Implications of Anesthesia Free Dentistry (AFD) 62

3.8 Conclusions 63

References 63

4 Conditions Commonly Seen in Brachycephalic Breeds 71
Brook A. Niemiec

4.1 Class III Malocclusions 71

References 75

5 Brachycephalic Airway Disease 77
Sean W. Aiken

5.1 History and Clinical Signs 78

5.2 Physical Examination 78

5.3 Pharyngeal/Laryngeal Examination 79

5.4 Diagnostic Imaging 81

5.5 Diagnostic Testing 83

5.6 Measuring Airflow Resistance 83

5.7 Surgical Treatment 84

5.8 Stenotic Nares 84

5.9 Elongated Soft Palate 86

5.10 Everted Laryngeal Saccules 88

5.11 Additional Conditions 89

References 92

6 The Unique Welfare Challenges of Brachycephalism 95
Kymberley C. McLeod

6.1 Oral Infection 95

6.2 Oral Pain 96

6.3 Emotional/Physical Distress 97

6.4 Other Health and Behavior-Related Concerns 97

6.5 Normalization 98

6.6 Effects on Quality of Life (QOL) 98

References 99

7 Other Heritable Conditions 101
Brook A. Niemiec

7.1 Mandibular Canine Linguoversion (Base Narrow Canines) 101

7.2 Gingival Enlargement 113

7.3 Chronic Ulcerative Paradental Stomatitis 115

7.4 Tight Lip Syndrome 120

7.5 Craniomandibular Osteopathy 121

7.6 Histologically Low-Grade, Biologically High-Grade, Fibrosarcoma 123

References 125

8 Anesthetic Management of Toy and Small Breed Dogs 131
Amber Hopkins

8.1 Introduction 131

8.2 Body Size 131

8.3 Congenital Predispositions 135

8.4 Anesthetic and Procedural Challenges 137

8.5 Conclusion 139

References 139

9 Brachycephalic Breeds and Anesthesia 143
Amber Hopkins

9.1 Introduction 143

9.2 Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome (BAS) Pathophysiology 143

9.3 Other Pre-existing Conditions in the Brachycephalic Patient 145

9.4 Pre-anesthetic Considerations 146

9.5 Anesthetic Management 150

9.6 Anesthetic Recovery 152

9.7 Conclusion 153

References 153

10 Periodontal Therapy in Small and Toy Breed Dogs 157
Brook A. Niemiec

10.1 Homecare 157

10.2 Professional Care 161

References 173

11 The Unique Challenges of Extractions in Small and Toy Breed Dogs 179
Brook A. Niemiec

References 184

Conclusions 187

Index 189