BRS Physiology

Preface vi
Acknowledgments vii
1 CELL PHYSIOLOGY 1
I. Cell Membranes 1
II. Transport Across Cell Membranes 2
III. Osmosis 5
IV. Diffusion Potential, Resting Membrane Potential, and Action Potential 7
V. Neuromuscular and Synaptic Transmission 12
VI. Skeletal Muscle 16
VII. Smooth Muscle 21
VIII. Comparison of Skeletal Muscle, Smooth Muscle, and Cardiac Muscle 22
Review Test 24
2 NEUROPHYSIOLOGY 33
I. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 33
II. Organization of the Nervous System 37
III. Sensory Systems 38
IV. Motor Systems 49
V. Higher Functions of the Cerebral Cortex 55
VI. Blood-Brain Barrier and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) 56
VII. Temperature Regulation 56
Review Test 58
3 CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY 65
I. Circuitry of the Cardiovascular System 65
II. Hemodynamics 65
III. Cardiac Electrophysiology 70
IV. Cardiac Muscle and Cardiac Output 75
V. Cardiac Cycle 84
VI. Regulation of Arterial Pressure 86
VII. Microcirculation and Lymph 90
VIII. Special Circulations 92
IX. Integrative Functions of the Cardiovascular System: Gravity, Exercise, Hemorrhage, and Vasovagal Syncope 95
Review Test 100
Contents4 RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY 113
I. Lung Volumes and Capacities 113
II. Mechanics of Breathing 115
III. Gas Exchange 121
IV. Oxygen Transport 123
V. CO2 Transport 128
VI. Pulmonary Circulation 130
VII. V/Q Defects 131
VIII. Control of Breathing 133
IX. Integrated Responses of the Respiratory System 135
Review Test 137
5 RENAL AND ACID-BASE PHYSIOLOGY 146
I. Body Fluids 146
II. Renal Clearance, Renal Blood Flow (RBF), and Glomerular
Filtration Rate (GFR) 150
III. Reabsorption and Secretion 154
IV. NaCl Regulation 157
V. K+ Regulation 161
VI. Renal Regulation of Urea, Phosphate, Calcium, Magnesium,
and Uric Acid 165
VII. Concentration and Dilution of Urine 167
VIII. Renal Hormones 172
IX. Acid-Base Balance 172
X. Diuretics 180
XI. Integrative Examples 180
Review Test 183
6 GASTROINTESTINAL PHYSIOLOGY 193
I. Structure and Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract 193
II. Regulatory Substances in the Gastrointestinal Tract 194
III. Gastrointestinal Motility 198
IV. Gastrointestinal Secretion 202
V. Digestion and Absorption 212
VI. Liver Physiology 216
Review Test 219
7 ENDOCRINE PHYSIOLOGY 224
I. Overview of Hormones 224
II. Cell Mechanisms and Second Messengers 226
III. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 230
IV. Thyroid Gland 235
V. Adrenal Cortex and Adrenal Medulla 238
VI. Endocrine Pancreas-Glucagon and Insulin 244
VII. Calcium Metabolism (Parathyroid Hormone, Vitamin D, Calcitonin) 247 VIII. Sexual Differentiation 252
IX. Male Reproduction 252
X. Female Reproduction 255
Review Test 260
Comprehensive Examination 269
APPENDIX A. KEY PHYSIOLOGY TOPICS FOR USMLE
STEP 1 290
APPENDIX B. KEY PHYSIOLOGY EQUATIONS FOR USMLE
STEP 1 292
APPENDIX C. NORMAL BLOOD VALUES 293
Index 295