| Preface | p. xiii |
| Introduction and Preliminaries | p. 1 |
| The topics to be discussed | p. 1 |
| Equilibrium and departures from it | p. 3 |
| The equations of motion and various approximations | p. 6 |
| Basic parameters of heterogeneous flows | p. 11 |
| Linear Internal Waves | p. 14 |
| Waves at a boundary between homogeneous layers | p. 14 |
| Progressive waves in deep water | p. 15 |
| Waves between layers of finite thickness | p. 18 |
| Standing waves | p. 19 |
| Waves in a continuously stratified fluid | p. 21 |
| Description in terms of modes | p. 22 |
| Description in terms of rays | p. 24 |
| Laboratory experiments on waves in bounded regions | p. 29 |
| Waves in a moving stratified fluid | p. 31 |
| Velocity constant with height | p. 31 |
| Lee waves with varying properties in the vertical | p. 34 |
| Reversals of velocity and critical layers | p. 37 |
| Weak non-linearities: interactions between waves | p. 39 |
| The mechanism of resonant interaction | p. 39 |
| Interactions of interfacial waves | p. 41 |
| Interactions with continuous stratification | p. 44 |
| Finite Amplitude Motions in Stably Stratified Fluids | p. 48 |
| Internal waves of finite amplitude | p. 48 |
| Interfacial waves | p. 48 |
| Cnoidal and solitary waves | p. 52 |
| Waves and flows in a density gradient | p. 55 |
| Finite amplitude lee waves | p. 58 |
| Internal hydraulics and related problems | p. 64 |
| Steady frictionless flow of a thin layer | p. 64 |
| Internal hydraulic jumps | p. 66 |
| Flow down a slope | p. 68 |
| The 'lock exchange' problem | p. 70 |
| Gravity currents and noses | p. 72 |
| Slow motions in a stratified fluid | p. 76 |
| The problem of selective withdrawal | p. 76 |
| Blocking ahead of an obstacle | p. 79 |
| Upstream wakes and boundary layers | p. 82 |
| Viscous diffusive flows | p. 86 |
| Instability and the Production of Turbulence | p. 91 |
| The stability of a free shear layer | p. 92 |
| The various types of instability | p. 92 |
| The Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism | p. 94 |
| Interfaces of finite thickness | p. 97 |
| Observations of the breakdown of parallel stratified flows | p. 102 |
| The combined effects of viscosity and stratification | p. 107 |
| Viscous effects at an interface | p. 107 |
| Thermally stratified plane Poiseuille flow | p. 108 |
| Flows along a sloping boundary | p. 111 |
| Transition to turbulence | p. 114 |
| Mechanisms for the generation of turbulence | p. 116 |
| Classification of the various mechanisms | p. 116 |
| Flows near boundaries | p. 118 |
| Shear instabilities produced by interfacial waves | p. 120 |
| The interaction between wave modes | p. 123 |
| Internal instabilities with continuous stratification | p. 124 |
| Turbulent Shear Flows in a Stratified Fluid | p. 127 |
| Velocity and density profiles near a horizontal boundary | p. 127 |
| The logarithmic boundary layer | p. 128 |
| The effect of a buoyancy flux | p. 130 |
| Forced and free convection | p. 133 |
| Constant-flux layers in stable stratification | p. 136 |
| Theories of turbulence in a stratified shear flow | p. 138 |
| Similarity theories of turbulence and diffusion | p. 139 |
| The spectrum of nearly inertial turbulence | p. 140 |
| Arguments based on the governing equations | p. 145 |
| Observations and experiments on stratified shear flows | p. 151 |
| The generation and collapse of turbulent wakes | p. 151 |
| The suppression of turbulence at an interior shear layer | p. 154 |
| Stratified flows in pipes, channels and estuaries | p. 157 |
| Longitudinal mixing and advection | p. 161 |
| Buoyant Convection from Isolated Sources | p. 165 |
| Plumes in a uniform environment | p. 167 |
| Axisymmetric turbulent plumes | p. 167 |
| The entrainment assumption | p. 170 |
| Forced plumes | p. 173 |
| Vertical two-dimensional plumes | p. 176 |
| Inclined plumes and turbulent gravity currents | p. 178 |
| A modified entrainment assumption | p. 178 |
| Slowly varying flows | p. 180 |
| Laboratory experiments and their applications | p. 181 |
| Detailed profile measurements | p. 186 |
| Thermals in a uniform environment | p. 186 |
| Dimensional arguments and laboratory experiments | p. 186 |
| Buoyant vortex rings | p. 189 |
| 'Starting plumes' | p. 191 |
| Line thermals and bent-over plumes | p. 192 |
| The non-uniform environment | p. 194 |
| Motions in an unstable environment | p. 194 |
| Plumes in a stable environment | p. 196 |
| Forced plumes and vortex rings in a stable environment | p. 200 |
| Environmental turbulence | p. 203 |
| Convection from Heated Surfaces | p. 207 |
| The theory of convection between horizontal plates | p. 208 |
| The governing parameters | p. 208 |
| Linear stability theory | p. 210 |
| Finite amplitude convection | p. 211 |
| Laboratory and numerical experiments on parallel plate convection | p. 215 |
| Observations of laminar convection | p. 216 |
| Measurements at larger Rayleigh numbers | p. 219 |
| Numerical experiments | p. 222 |
| The interaction between convective elements and their environment | p. 226 |
| The formation of plumes or thermals near a horizontal boundary | p. 226 |
| The environment as an ensemble of convection elements | p. 230 |
| Convection from small sources in a confined region | p. 231 |
| Penetrative convection | p. 234 |
| Convection with other shapes of boundary | p. 239 |
| A heated vertical wall | p. 241 |
| Buoyancy layers at vertical and sloping boundaries | p. 243 |
| Convection in a slot | p. 246 |
| Double-Diffusive Convection | p. 251 |
| The stability problem | p. 251 |
| The mechanism of instability | p. 251 |
| Linear stability analysis | p. 253 |
| The form of the convection cells | p. 257 |
| Finite amplitude calculations | p. 259 |
| The formation of layers: experiments and observations | p. 262 |
| The 'diffusive' regime | p. 262 |
| The 'finger' regime | p. 266 |
| Side boundaries and horizontal gradients | p. 267 |
| Related observations in the ocean | p. 270 |
| The fluxes across an interface | p. 273 |
| Measurements in the 'diffusive' regime | p. 274 |
| The time-history of several convecting layers | p. 278 |
| Fluxes and structure at a 'finger' interface | p. 280 |
| The thickness of a 'finger' interface | p. 283 |
| Convection in a region of variable depth | p. 285 |
| Mixing Across Density Interfaces | p. 288 |
| Laboratory experiments | p. 288 |
| Stirring with oscillating grids | p. 288 |
| Mixing driven by a surface stress | p. 292 |
| The influence of molecular processes | p. 295 |
| Comparison of various methods of stirring | p. 297 |
| Geophysical applications | p. 299 |
| The wind-mixed surface layer | p. 299 |
| Seasonal changes of a thermocline | p. 301 |
| Mixing at an atmospheric inversion | p. 306 |
| Other factors limiting the depth of a mixed layer | p. 310 |
| Internal mixing Processes | p. 313 |
| The observational data | p. 313 |
| Critical Richardson number criteria | p. 317 |
| Examples of equilibrium conditions | p. 318 |
| Non-equilibrium conditions: step formation | p. 319 |
| Energetics of a layered system | p. 322 |
| Wave-induced mixing | p. 325 |
| Mixing at existing interfaces | p. 325 |
| Formation of layers from a smooth gradient | p. 327 |
| Statistical aspects of wave generation and breaking | p. 330 |
| Waves and turbulence in large scale flows | p. 334 |
| Bibliography and Author Index | p. 338 |
| Recent Publications | p. 359 |
| Subject Index | p. 362 |
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