| Contributors | p. ix |
| Preface | p. xi |
| Historical Perspective of Calcium Management in Patients with Chronic Renal Diseases | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Calcium Metabolism in Normal Subjects | p. 1 |
| Calcium Metabolism in Patients with CRD | p. 4 |
| Calcium Absorption in CRD Patients | p. 4 |
| Management of Calcium in Renal Dialysis Patients | p. 4 |
| Urinary Excretion of Calcium in CRD | p. 8 |
| Calcium Metabolic Problems in Renal Transplant Patients | p. 8 |
| Management of Calcium Metabolism in CRD Patients | p. 8 |
| Conclusion | p. 8 |
| Disorders of Phosphorous Homeostasis in CKD | p. 13 |
| Introduction | p. 13 |
| Normal Phosphorus Homeostasis | p. 15 |
| Intestinal Absorption | p. 15 |
| Renal Handling | p. 15 |
| Bone Remodeling | p. 16 |
| Phosphatonins | p. 17 |
| Disorders of P[subscript i] in Non-CKD Patients | p. 18 |
| Hypophosphatemia | p. 18 |
| Hyperphosphatemia | p. 20 |
| Disorders of P[subscript i] In CKD Patients | p. 22 |
| Dialytic Removal of Phosphate | p. 23 |
| Consequences of Hyperphosphatemia | p. 24 |
| Conclusions | p. 26 |
| Pathogenesis and Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | p. 29 |
| Introduction | p. 29 |
| Pathogenesis | p. 30 |
| Role of Phosphate | p. 32 |
| Phosphotonins | p. 32 |
| Clinical Manifestations | p. 34 |
| Bone Disease | p. 35 |
| Calciphylaxis | p. 36 |
| Vascular Calcification | p. 37 |
| Management of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism | p. 39 |
| Phosphorus Control | p. 40 |
| Dietary Phosphorus Restriction | p. 42 |
| Phosphorus Binders | p. 44 |
| Vitamin D Therapy | p. 51 |
| Calcimimetics | p. 56 |
| Parathryoidectomy | p. 58 |
| Conclusion | p. 60 |
| Uremic Toxins in Chronic Renal Failure | p. 71 |
| Introduction | p. 71 |
| Uremic Solute Retention | p. 71 |
| General Classification of Uremic Solutes | p. 71 |
| Main Uremic Retention Products | p. 74 |
| Conclusion | p. 88 |
| Calcitriol Metabolism and Action in Chronic Renal Disease | p. 105 |
| Introduction | p. 105 |
| Effect of Calcitriol on Various Organs | p. 107 |
| Effect of Calcitriol on the Nervous System | p. 107 |
| Effect of Calcitriol on Cardiac Function | p. 108 |
| Effect of Calcitriol on the Parathyroid Gland | p. 108 |
| Effect of Calcitriol on Colon Carcinogenesis | p. 108 |
| Effect of Calcitriol on Prostate Cancer | p. 109 |
| Effect of Calcitriol on Pulmonary Cancer | p. 109 |
| Immunoregulatory Function of Calcitriol | p. 110 |
| Calcitriol Production in Chronic Renal Disease | p. 111 |
| Decreased Renal Tissue | p. 111 |
| Hyperphosphatemia | p. 112 |
| Metabolic Acidosis | p. 112 |
| Extrarenal Production of Calcitriol | p. 112 |
| Uremic Toxins | p. 113 |
| Purine Derivatives | p. 113 |
| Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) | p. 116 |
| Effect of Glucose on the Function of the Calcitriol Receptor and Vitamin D Metabolism | p. 116 |
| Metabolic Degradation of Calcitriol in Renal Failure | p. 117 |
| Reduced Calcitriol Receptor Concentration in Chronic Renal Disease | p. 118 |
| Hormone-Receptor Interaction with Nuclear Chromatin Is Decreased in Chronic Renal Failure | p. 119 |
| Secondary Hyperparathyroidism and Calcitriol | p. 122 |
| Effect of Uremia on Other Members of the Steroid Hormone Receptor Superfamily | p. 123 |
| Conclusion | p. 124 |
| Renal Osteodystrophy | p. 131 |
| Introduction | p. 131 |
| Classification of Bone Disease | p. 131 |
| Clinical Manifestations | p. 132 |
| Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica | p. 133 |
| Adynamic Bone Disease | p. 135 |
| Osteomalacia | p. 136 |
| Mixed Bone Disease | p. 138 |
| Nephrolithiasis | p. 141 |
| Introduction | p. 141 |
| Epidemiology | p. 141 |
| Pathogenesis of Nephrolithiasis | p. 143 |
| Clinical Presentation | p. 144 |
| Clinical Evaluation | p. 145 |
| History and examination | p. 145 |
| Stone Analysis | p. 148 |
| Laboratory Evaluation | p. 148 |
| Radiographic Imaging | p. 151 |
| Etiology of Nephrolithiasis | p. 152 |
| Calcium (Ca MW 40) | p. 152 |
| Oxalate (-C[subscript 2]O[subscript 4][superscript -2], MW 88) | p. 157 |
| Uric Acid (C[subscript 5]H[subscript 4]N[subscript 4]O[subscript 3], MW 168) | p. 162 |
| Hyperuricosuric Calcium Nephrolithiasis (HUCN) | p. 164 |
| Cystine (C[subscript 6]H[subscript 12]N[subscript 2]O[subscript 4]S[subscript 2], MW 240) | p. 165 |
| Infection-Related Stones | p. 167 |
| Hypocitraturia (Citrate C[subscript 6]H[subscript 5]O[subscript 7][superscript 2-], MW 189) | p. 168 |
| Drug-Induced Nephrolithiasis | p. 169 |
| Prognosis | p. 170 |
| Index | p. 179 |
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