Calcium Carbonate

I. Geology of Calcium Carbonate.- 1. Features and characteristics of calcium carbonate.- 1.1 Calcium carbonate - a special compound.- 1.2 The crystal forms of calcium carbonate - mineralogy.- 2. The limestones - development and classification.- 2.1 Sedimentation.- 2.2 Diagenesis - from sediment to rock.- 2.3 Classification of the limestones.- 2.4 Metamorphism - from limestone to marble.- 2.5 Carbonatites - extraordinary limestones.- 3. Limestone deposits.- 3.1 Recognition of limestones.- 3.2 Distribution on the Earth's surface.- 3.3 Limestone deposits in the geological ages.- 3.4 CaCO3 cycle.- 3.5 Industrially exploitable CaCO3 deposits.- II.The Cultural History of Limestone.- 1. The history of chalk.- 2. Marble and limestone.- 2.1 Quarrying stones.- 2.2 Transport, organisation and trade.- 2.3 The uses.- III. Calcium Carbonate - A Modern Resource.- 1. The beginnings: Calcium carbonate in glazing putty and rubber.- 1.1 A chalk industry is born.- 1.2 Rubber and glazing putty.- 1.3 From chalk to calcium carbonate.- 2. Calcium carbonate - pigment and filler.- 2.1 Properties and effects of a filler.- 2.2 Chalk, limestone, marble, PCC - common features and differences.- 2.2.1 Chalk.- 2.2.2 Limestone and marble.- 2.2.3 PCC.- 2.2.4 Areas of application.- 3. From rock to filler.- 3.1 Prospecting.- 3.2 Quarrying.- 3.2.1 Chalk.- 3.2.2 Limestone and marble.- 3.3 Mineral dressing.- 3.3.1 Production of the pre-ground product.- 3.3.2 Production of fillers.- 3.3.3 Other processes.- 3.3.4 Production of PCC.- 3.3.5 Storage and packing.- 3.4 Logistics - the route to the customer.- IV. Calcium Carbonate and Its Industrial Application.- 1. Paper.- 1.1 Calcium carbonate as filler.- 1.1.1 Paper manufacturing.- 1.1.2 The role of fillers in paper.- 1.1.3 Uncoated filled papers.- 1.1.4 Neutral paper manufacturing with calcium carbonate.- 1.2 Calcium carbonate as coating pigment.- 1.2.1 Upgrading of paper and cardboard.- 1.2.2 Coated paper qualities.- 1.2.3 Pigment properties for paper coatings.- 1.3 Industrial use of calcium carbonate in the paper industry.- 2. Plastics.- 2.1 The Plastics Market.- 2.2 Fillers and Reinforcing Agents.- 2.3 Calcium Carbonate as Plastics Fillers.- 2.3.1 Calcium Carbonate in Thermoplastics.- 2.3.2 Calcium Carbonate in Thermosets.- 2.3.3 Calcium Carbonate in Elastomers.- 2.3.4 Calcium Carbonate in Adhesives and Sealants.- 2.4 Recent Developments.- 3. Surface Coatings.- 3.1 Building blocks for surface coatings.- 3.2 Extenders in surface coatings - functions and properties.- 3.3 The use of calcium carbonates in selected coating systems.- 3.4 Trends.- 4. Calcium Carbonate - A Versatile Mineral.- 4.1 The use of calcium and magnesium carbonate in agriculture.- 4.1.1 The influence of lime treatment on the soil.- 4.1.2 The influence of lime treatment on the plant.- 4.1.3 Lime fertilizer and its conversion.- 4.2 The use of calcium and magnesium carbonate for forestry.- 4.3 Lime fertilizers and their application in Europe.- 4.4 Calcium carbonate in the feeding of livestock.- 4.5 Calcium carbonate for environmental protection.- 4.5.1 Flue-gas cleaning.- 4.5.2 Drinking water processing.- 4.5.3 Neutralisation of over-acidified water.- 4.6 Calcium carbonate - Everyday products.- Annex.- Definitions and Measurement Methods.- Identification of successful processing.- Measurement Methods.- Selection of major standards.- Register.- Geography.- People and Companies.- Technical Terms.- Index of important addresses and institutions.- Index of illustrations.